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41.
42.
This paper applies an intuitive approach based on stock market data to a unique dataset of large concentrations during the period 1990–2002 to assess the effectiveness of European merger control. The basic idea is to relate announcement and decision abnormal returns. Under a set of four maintained assumptions, merger control might be interpreted to be effective if rents accruing due to the increased market power observed around the merger announcement are reversed by the antitrust decision, i.e. if there is a negative relation between announcement and decision abnormal returns. To clearly identify the events' competitive effects, we explicitly control for the market expectation about the outcome of the merger control procedure and run several robustness checks to assess the role of our maintained assumptions. We find that only outright prohibitions completely reverse the rents measured around a merger's announcement. On average, remedies seem to be only partially capable of reverting announcement abnormal returns. Yet they seem to be more effective when applied during the first rather than the second investigation phase and in subsamples where our assumptions are more likely to hold. Moreover, the European Commission appears to learn over time. 相似文献
43.
Thijs Dekker Roy Brouwer Marjan Hofkes Klaus Moeltner 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(4):597-624
This paper presents the first value of statistical life (VSL) meta-analysis that empirically estimates correction factors
for ‘out of context’ benefits transfer (BT) purposes. In the field of mortality risk reductions elicited willingness to pay
values in one risk context, say road safety, are frequently applied in other risk contexts like air pollution. However, differences
in risk perception and the population at risk across contexts are likely to result in diverging VSL estimates. In a meta-analysis
of 26 international stated preference studies, a Bayesian model is estimated regressing contingent values for mortality risk
reductions, originating from three different risk contexts, on the characteristics of the risk reduction itself and additional
variables characterizing the underlying studies. A willingness to pay (WTP) premium for mortality risk reductions in the air
pollution and general mortality risk context relative to improving road safety is observed. Evaluated at the mean, road safety
VSL estimates should be multiplied by a factor 1.8 before being applicable in the air pollution context. Moreover, in an illustrative
BT exercise we find limited overlap in the set of context specific predictive VSL distributions. Consequently, ‘out of context’
BT results in a substantial over- or underestimation of the VSL. 相似文献
44.
45.
46.
Klaus Schönbach 《Publizistik》2000,45(4):512-514
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
47.
Klaus M. F. Edelmann 《Tourism Management》1987,8(4)
European governments must recognize the economic significance of the tourism industry to Europe. Dr Klaus Edelmann, Professor at the Swiss School of Tourism Management, describes how modern marketing methods and EEC consensus policies must be adopted to combat increasing competition from outside Europe and expand the domestic market. 相似文献
48.
49.
Stein T. Holden Klaus Deininger Hosaena Ghebru 《American journal of agricultural economics》2009,91(2):359-373
New land reforms are again high on the policy agenda and low-cost, propoor reforms are being tested in poor countries. This article assesses the investment and productivity impacts of the recent low-cost land certification implemented in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, using a unique household and farm-plot-level panel data set, with data from before and up to eight years after the reform. Alternative econometric methods were used to test and control for endogeneity of certification and for unobserved household heterogeneity. Significant positive impacts were found, including effects on the maintenance of soil conservation structures, investment in trees, and land productivity. 相似文献
50.
PD Dr. Klaus Arnold 《Publizistik》2008,53(4):488-508
To determine the various performance criteria concerning journalism it is reasonable to develop a broad concept, which integrates the different theoretical approaches. In a functional and system-oriented perspective, fundamental performance criteria can be based on the social function and the specific code of journalism, which emerged in an historical process of mutual observation of journalists and audiences. In a normative-democratic perspective, performance criteria can be derived from societal and human values codified in diverse regulations. However, in this regard it has to be taken into account that specific claims of the political subsystem also play an important role. Finally from an audience and action oriented viewpoint, it is important to keep in mind that journalistic communication must be useful and applicable in the world the audience lives in. 相似文献