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211.
In the mid-nineties FIFA decided to increase from two to three the number of points assigned to the winning team of a soccer
match played under traditional round-robin national leagues. Since a game of soccer can be regarded as a contest, FIFA's measure
provides an interesting case-study for analysing how a change in the system of rewards (from a zero to a non-zero sum rule)
may affect the contestants' equilibrium behaviour. In this paper we try to assess, both theoretically and empirically, whether
FIFA's new point rule has changed soccer towards a more offensive game, in which teams adopt more risky strategies. In particular,
we evaluate the “na?ve hypothesis” according to which the measure would induce every team to play always more offensively,
and we explore the extent to which the change in teams' behaviour may be affected by quality differentials between teams.
Our most important hypothesis is that when the asymmetry between opposing teams is large enough, an increase in the reward
for victory induces the weaker team to play more defensively, rather than the opposite. By looking at a subset of matches
held in the Portuguese first division league, which approximate the conditions of our model, we find support for this hypothesis.
First version received: July 1999/Final version received: May 2001 相似文献
212.
Kwang-Hyun Chung Rudolph A. Jacob Ya B. Tang 《International Advances in Economic Research》2003,9(2):152-162
This study examines motivation and stock market reactions of firms announcing earnings in the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) after
filing with the Security Exchange Commission (SEC). Most firms announce earnings in the WSJ before SEC filing. Firms that
reverse this sequence are voluntarily delaying public earnings announcements. The authors find that these firms are not only
poor financial performers but also engage in earnings managements. They are delaying their WSJ announcements to postpone announcing
bad news. The authors find significant stock price reactions to both the SEC filing and the WSJ announcement. The price reaction
to earnings is incomplete at the SEC filings. The market continues reacting to firms' subsequent WSJ announcements as if the
SEC filing fails to communicate earnings information to some investors. 相似文献
213.
A Survey and a Theoretical Model of Distance Education Programs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reza G. Hamzaee 《International Advances in Economic Research》2005,11(2):215-229
In search of a distance education programs crucial success factors, this research was conducted through a designed survey and evaluation instrument, for a predominantly doctoral program at DE University (DEU, an adopted name). Also, the survey has identified some challenging factors along with students most crucial reasons for adopting distance education programs. The author has presented a Testable theoretical model of distance education programs. The top four success factors were revealed to be program quality, general recognition and academic integrity, students satisfaction, and students progress toward the ultimate goal of graduation. Lack of time and worries about the degree recognition by prospective academic and nonacademic employers were the most crucial challenging factors.The 57th International Atlantic Economic Conference Lisbon, Portugal, March 10–14. This research is appreciably funded by a research grant from Walden University. 相似文献
214.
Oscar Alfranca Joan Oca Lourdes Reig 《International Advances in Economic Research》2004,10(2):150-158
The objective of this paper is to estimate the dynamics of aquaculture and fish prices as a response to price shocks. The
vector autoregression approach will be used to explain the dynamics of the sea bream market in both cultured and wild fishing.
The main result is that changes in public regulation or in production conditions could stimulate production responses which
may take time to settle. Usually, the change is a matter of adjusting between equilibria over a period of time, with the pattern
and speed of the adjustment, depending on the nature and degree of disequilibrium in the fishing system.
Comments from reviewers have been incorporated into the paper and are gratefully acknowledged. Financial support was provided
by Direcció General de Recerca, Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació project No SGR2001-160. 相似文献
215.
Jenifer Piesse Igor Filatotchev Yung-Chih Lien 《International Review of Economics》2007,54(1):176-193
This paper examines the effects of ownership structure and board characteristics on performance in publicly traded Taiwanese
firms that are controlled by founding families. Results show that when shares are owned by institutional investors, particularly
foreign financial institutions, firms perform better. However, where families are the major shareholders, this is not the
case. In addition, boards that are independent of the financial interests of the founding family have a positive impact on
performance, whether measured by accounting ratios, operating performance or the stock market. (JEL: P52, G32) 相似文献
216.
We introduce and justify a taxonomy for the structure of markets and minimal institutions which appear in constructing minimally
complex trading structures to perform the functions of price formation, settlement and payments. Each structure is presented
as a playable strategic market game and is examined for its efficiency, the number of degrees of freedom and the symmetry
properties of the structure 相似文献
217.
Nigar Hashimzade 《Economic Theory》2003,21(4):907-912
Summary. In this paper I analyze the general equilibrium in a random Walrasian economy. Dependence among agents is introduced in the
form of dependency neighborhoods. Under the uncertainty, an agent may fail to survive due to a meager endowment in a particular
state (direct effect), as well as due to unfavorable equilibrium price system at which the value of the endowment falls short
of the minimum needed for survival (indirect terms-of-trade effect). To illustrate the main result I compute the stochastic
limit of equilibrium price and probability of survival of an agent in a large Cobb-Douglas economy.
Received June 7, 2001; revised version: January 7, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" I would like to thank Mukul Majumdar and Thomas DiCiccio for helpful discussion and an anonymous referee for valuable
comments and suggestions. 相似文献
218.
Andrea Saayman 《International Advances in Economic Research》2007,13(2):183-199
This article indicates how different measures of the real exchange rate, i.e., the exchange rate adapted for cost inflation,
price inflation and labour costs, influence the equilibrium view and misalignment of the South African rand/US dollar exchange
rate. The approach followed is based on the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate approach by Clark and MacDonald (1998), where the exchange rate is influenced by a number of fundamental and transitory factors. The real equilibrium exchange
is estimated by using a single equation regression and a number of key explanatory variables. To determine the long-run relationship
a Vector Error Correction Mechanism is used. 相似文献
219.
Synopsis It has been proposed that open thermodynamic systems will act to dissipate available energy gradients by self-organizing into
coherent structures that, with time, evolve and develop into nested hierarchies – panarchies – that adapt to internal and
external changes according to a characteristic adaptive cycle. This paper seeks to apply these ideas in the purely societal
realm by investigating the role of money in economic systems. Money represents the value embodied in goods; a value that is
separate from the exact nature of those goods. We suggest that money thereby liberates the ‘free value’ of economic desire
and that this free value has properties analogous to energy. The result is the self-organization of structures and systems
(‘econosystems’) that dissipate this ‘free value’. Econosystems act at different scales, and nested levels of econosystems
form a panarchy, having effects that can be observed. In particular, it appears that money facilitates the creation of relationships
between econosystem actors, increasing the connectedness of the econosystems that envelop those actors. We have identified
a phenomenon whereby freed social value (i.e. money) can aggregate, or pool, at a larger econosystem scale in structures such
as banks. These pools act as gradients that actors at the neighborhood scale can exploit for self-organization in the econosystem.
Thus, econosystem actors appear to be freed from thermodynamic constraints by using money as a means of self-organization.
However, because of these pools of aggregated social exergy, connectedness is increased at the larger scale of the econosystem.
The potential consequence of this dynamic is that money may act to push larger scale econosystems toward a state of heightened
vulnerability to collapse, while freeing smaller scale actors from apparent constraints. In this way, we propose that money
acts to skew information feedback loops between econosystem actors and larger scale structures such as economies and ecosystems.
相似文献
220.