Bargaining and the observability of contractual commitments via third parties

This paper analyzes a two-stage model of bilateral bargaining where one of the agents has the option to delegate. A first approach is to assume that the contract between the agent and his representative is perfectly observable and can be renegotiated. Commitment effects arise although renegotiation is possible. Then, perfect observability of the contract is weakened to observe it with certain probability. Commitment effects as pure-strategy equilibria exist if this probability is sufficiently close to 1, in contrast to Bagwell's [1995] findings that imperfect observability undermines commitment. Considering the realistic case of the actual agreement between two parties being private information, the commitment value as equilibrium outcome disappears since having closed a renegotiation-proof contract offers costless self-insurance against strategic misunderstandings. The author is grateful for helpful comments from Vasco Santos, participants at the International Atlantic Economic Conference, October 7–10, 1999, Montreal, Canada, an anonymous referee, and David M. Aadland.     

英语教学应注重文化知识的导入

语言是文化的载体 ,文化是语言的底座。语言与文化的这种不可分割性 ,决定了学习语言必须同时学习文化 ,因而语言教学过程就是文化教学过程。本文简略分析了在英语教学中导入文化知识的重要性 ,强调了在英语教学中教师要有意识地加强文化知识的导入 ,以提高学生的交际能力 ,增强教学效果。     

中美贸易失衡的原因、影响与政策建议

2005年,美国贸易赤字再创新高,其中,对华贸易逆差占其总贸易逆差的25．8％。自2001年中国取代日本成为美国最大贸易逆差来源地以来,中美贸易失衡日益扩大,并成为愈演愈烈的中美贸易摩擦的主要原因。与此同时,中美贸易额又在不断扩大。由此可见,中美贸易失衡尽管是中美贸易摩擦的主要原因,但并没有构成中美贸易发展的主要障碍。尽管如此,中美贸易失衡仍然对中国经济的发展和中美关系产生诸多不利影响,我们应当及时进行政策调整,从而减少贸易失衡带来的成本。     

价补分离政策下农户的玉米种植行为研究——基于吉林省宏观与微观数据分析

[目的]通过对价补分离政策实施前后吉林省玉米种植相关数据的分析,初步了解政策对农户种植行为产生的影响,进而探索吉林省农户在价补分离政策实施的第3年其玉米种植行为所受的主要影响因素。[方法]文章以吉林省玉米种植农户为研究对象,基于宏观与微观数据,采用多元Logistic模型分析农户玉米种植行为与政策之间的关系。[结果]价补分离政策改变吉林省农户的玉米种植行为。因价补分离政策实施导致的玉米价格下跌造成单位面积收益降低时,农户会寻求其他单位面积收益更高的作物,进而调整种植行为。[结论]玉米生产者补贴的发放对农户玉米种植行为调整具有引导作用。玉米优势产区与非优势产区的农户对价补分离政策不同的种植行为响应验证价补分离政策在保障粮食安全的同时调减玉米非优势产区玉米种植的作用。同时政策在实施过程中存在农户理解不到位及滞后性问题,因此从完善价补分离政策并提高农户对政策的认知程度等方面提出建议以更好地实现在调整玉米种植结构的同时稳定农户收入的政策目标。     

气候障碍因子对城市绿化适生树种选择的 影响——以上海世博公园为例

通过对上海近30年的气候因子汇总分析,结合对上 海世博公园主要绿化树种生长状况调查和年度生物量计算,通 过典型相关性分析发现,极端高低温、强风和暴雨等5个气候 因子对树木的生长产生了不同程度的影响,有些因子严重阻碍 了树木的正常生长,成为障碍因子。经过10年的绿化实践验 证,上海世博公园对骨干树种的选择,以乡土树种为主,群落 结构较为稳定,且气候障碍因子对乡土树种的影响较小。在引 种外来树种时,采用气候相似植物区系法,结合植物耐寒、耐 热带图,把种源地划分为2个气候带和3个植物区系,并确定了 最南引种线,成功引种了红花槭等20种观花色叶乔木树种。     

食品物流行业安全管理探讨

对我国食品物流行业的发展现状进行了详细分析,深入剖析了目前的安全管理漏洞,并在此基础上结合实际提出了食品安全物流的保障措施。     

THE IMPACT OF ANTI‐TERRORISM EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND WELFARE

This paper examines the effects of increasing anti‐terrorism expenditure on economic growth rate and social welfare. It is shown that: (i) spending the least amount possible on anti‐terrorism expenditure will lead to a maximum economic growth rate; and (ii) to achieve maximum social welfare, the government should allocate its budget to anti‐terrorism expenditure. The results shed light on why the US government has chosen to uphold and pursue its anti‐terrorism policies in recent years to present day.     

农民专业合作经济组织发展问题探析

发展农民专业合作经济组织是解决农民增收问题最有效的途径。本文在借鉴国内外农民合作经济组织发展情况的基础上,分析了目前影响我国农民专业合作经济组织存在的普遍问题,并有针对性地提出了建议和对策。     

The distributional impact of public services when needs differ

Despite a broad consensus on the need to take into account the value of public services in distributional analysis, there is little reliable evidence on how inclusion of such non-cash income actually affects poverty and inequality estimates. In particular, the equivalence scales applied to cash income are not necessarily appropriate when including non-cash income, because the receipt of public services is likely to be associated with particular needs. In this paper, we propose a theory-based framework designed to provide a coherent evaluation of the distributional impact of local public services. The valuation of public services, identification of target groups, allocation of expenditures to target groups, and adjustment for differences in needs are derived from a model of local government spending behaviour. Using Norwegian data from municipal accounts and administrative registers we find that the inclusion of non-cash income reduces income inequality by about 15% and poverty rates by almost one-third. However, adjusting for differences in needs for public services across population subgroups offsets about half the inequality reduction and some of the poverty decrease.     

现代企业组织结构优化分析

我国企业曾经是“技术落后,管理更落后”。随着知识经济时代的推进,管理的艺术性大大增强,致使计划、组织和控制职能呈现出更大的灵活性。这种灵活性的本质就是市场适应性在管理工作中的“映射”。计划工作的首要任务就是确定企业经营战略;组织工作的首要任务就是在经...