When the Client Is a Former Auditor: Auditees' Expert Knowledge and Social Capital as Threats to Staff Auditors' Operational Independence

Auditees can play an active role in influencing staff auditors' professional judgment and skepticism. Yet, although it constitutes one of the main threats to auditor independence, very little is known about the means and extent of auditees' power during the audit engagement. To address this knowledge gap, our study focuses on a specific category of auditees, namely, auditees who have worked as auditors in large accounting firms. We interviewed 36 of these auditees and triangulated our findings with 11 interviews conducted with auditors. At the theoretical level, we conceptualize auditees' influence over auditors as intentional and active through the notion of “social power.” Overall, our analysis shows that the efficacy of auditees' power during the engagement materializes through the mobilization of two main power resources developed during their time at the firms: (i) expert knowledge of auditing techniques and (ii) social capital. On the one hand, relying on their cognitive authority, auditees' employ three different power strategies to constrain staff auditors' operational independence: stage-setting, teaching, and questioning. On the other hand, auditees' social capital can support the use of two additional strategies: attracting and monitoring. Our triangulation analysis confirms our findings and suggests that auditors may be aware of the threats to independence that auditee expertise and social capital pose. By focusing on auditees' agentic capabilities—that is, individuals' capabilities to consciously exert influence over the course of events—we reinterpret the pressures exerted by clients on auditors as the product of strategic actions and discuss substantive consequences for independence risk.     

Conjoining Ethical Theory and Practice: An Australian Study of Business,Accounting, and Police Service Organizations

The purpose of this study, which took place in Western Australia,was to identify situations where management practitioners and academics worked closely together to bridge the `theory-practice gap'in the field of business ethics. Four organizations, two in the accounting field, one a corporate secretaries institute and the Western Australia Police Service were asked if they would participatein a study to examine the extent to which their members made use ofethical theory in their day-to-day activities. A concomitant questionwas whether such theory had an impact on the way organizations carriedout their functions. Each organization was actively involved in teaching ethical theory to their members at an advanced level. The four organizations offered a range of teaching/learning strategies i.e. guest lectures, seminar and discussion groups, training videos and workbooks. The courses that were developed by these organisationswere equal to, and in some cases superior to, ethics courses offered in some business schools. This paper illustrates that by these innovative approaches the four organisations were taking a lead in re-defining ethical practice and teaching ethical theory in their respective organisations. The study illustrates that the programs were effective to the extent that they were instrumental in changingthe behavior and the culture of their members.     

Reciprocity in Ranked Relationships: Does Social Structure Influence Social Reasoning?

Many economic and evolutionary theories have modeled cooperation as the evolutionary outcome of decisions made by autonomous, self-interested agents operating in a social vacuum. In this paper we consider the implications for cooperative interactions when prior social structures and corresponding social norms exist. In particular we investigate the influence of social rank/status on perceptions of fairness and tolerance of cheating. We review evidence from a series of experiments employing the Wason selection task (a test of conditional reasoning) and the ledger task (a decision making task) suggesting that people cued to adopt a perspective of high social rank are more tolerant of cheating and simultaneously believe that they have been more fairly treated (even when cheated) than people cued to adopt a perspective of low social rank. However, the evidence also suggests interesting cross-cultural differences in perceptions of fairness and tolerance of cheating in ranked relationships. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ben S. Bernanke,Timothy F. Geithner,and Henry M. Paulson Jr.: Firefighting: The financial crisis and its lessons

Business Economics -     

Evolution of global airline strategic alliance and consolidation in the twenty-first century

Global airline strategic alliances have emerged since the late 1980s, and their number has slowly risen through the years. Will the number of such alliances continue to proliferate? Or will airlines consolidate with one another to form mega-carriers? In this paper, the likelihood of various airline consolidation and alliance development possibilities was examined based on a number of high-level trends and forces. The most probable near-term industry alliance and consolidation structure is described, accompanied with a probable path of evolution. These predictions have important implications for managers of strategic alliances, carriers who are currently in an alliance as well as carriers who are planning to join one.     

Asian tax review: Going green in Red China

Taxes in China are no laughing matter. The rules change often, and it takes a lot of energy to keep up. As more foreign investors enter the Chinese market, drawn by its size and dynamic entrepreneurial spirit, it can be very helpful to get frequent updates on the latest tax policies. This article talks about China's growing energy needs, increased interest in green technology, and how best to incentivize developers. The author, an expert on taxes, also provides updated information specifically from Hong Kong. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Gold price risk and the returns on gold mutual funds

A model is presented for estimating the theoretical gold price elasticity of the value of mutual funds investing in gold mining companies. The theoretical elasticity shows that if the funds invest in companies whose assets are comprised primarily of operating gold mines, then the return of an investment in the fund will be at least as great as an investment in gold (i.e., the gold price elasticity of the gold fund is greater than 1). Empirical tests of the above propositions are presented. Empirical tests also show, however, that the gold mutual funds contain a substantial amount of risk which is not explained either by market risk or gold price risk. Accordingly, gold mutual funds and gold bullion do not bring identical risks to an investor's portfolio.