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41.
SELECTION BIAS CORRECTIONS BASED ON THE MULTINOMIAL LOGIT MODEL: MONTE CARLO COMPARISONS 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract. This survey presents the set of methods available in the literature on selection bias correction, when selection is specified as a multinomial logit model. It contrasts the underlying assumptions made by the different methods and shows results from a set of Monte Carlo experiments. We find that, in many cases, the approach initiated by Dubin and MacFadden (1984) as well as the semi-parametric alternative recently proposed by Dahl (2002) are to be preferred to the most commonly used Lee (1983) method. We also find that a restriction imposed in the original Dubin and MacFadden paper can be waived to achieve more robust estimators. Monte Carlo experiments also show that selection bias correction based on the multinomial logit model can provide fairly good correction for the outcome equation, even when the IIA hypothesis is violated. 相似文献
42.
Within the standard Keynesian multiplier framework, extended by a micro-model of interactive formation of individual consumption
propensities, we demonstrate that socioeconomic interactions can lead to cyclical fluctuations in aggregate economic activity.
The underlying micro-model of direct interactions is a version of Alan Kirman’s generic opinion formation model, with an additional
feedback effect from macroscopic variables on the transition probabilities. Our model engenders cyclical fluctuations of economic
variables, despite the fact that neither the Keynesian multiplier model nor Kirman’s model does so on its own. 相似文献
43.
Measuring volatility with the realized range 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Realized variance, being the summation of squared intra-day returns, has quickly gained popularity as a measure of daily volatility. Following Parkinson [1980. The extreme value method for estimating the variance of the rate of return. Journal of Business 53, 61–65] we replace each squared intra-day return by the high–low range for that period to create a novel and more efficient estimator called the realized range. In addition, we suggest a bias-correction procedure to account for the effects of microstructure frictions based upon scaling the realized range with the average level of the daily range. Simulation experiments demonstrate that for plausible levels of non-trading and bid–ask bounce the realized range has a lower mean-squared error than the realized variance, including variants thereof that are robust to microstructure noise. Empirical analysis of the S&P500 index-futures and the S&P100 constituents confirms the potential of the realized range. 相似文献
44.
This study examines whether independent directors who possess financial expertise and are independent from the CEO (i.e., non-co-opted) are associated with improved outcomes for industry superannuation funds. Our results highlight that independence alone is insufficient to improve fund outcomes. Instead, we find that only non-co-opted independent directors benefit fund members in terms of higher performance and lower fees. Moreover, we find that independent directors' financial expertise is not associated with fund performance and fees. Our study has implications for regulators and superannuation funds who are currently debating the need for one-third independent directors on the board of Australian superannuation funds. 相似文献
45.
Ingrid M. Martin David W. Stewart Shashi Matta 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2005,33(3):275-294
This article develops and tests a conceptual model of the transfer process whereby perceived similarity organized around shared
goals facilitates the transfer of knowledge and affect from a parent brand to an extension of that brand. Empirical results,
based on two well-known brands and two hypothetical product extensions for each brand, demonstrate that the availability of
well-formed, goal-derived categories associated with a parent brand establishes an organizing framework for consumers' assessments
of similarity thatfacilitates the transfer of consumer knowledge and attitude from the parent brand to a brand extension in
another product category. This facilitating effect of similarity does not occur in the absence of goal-derived categories.
The results also reveal how marketing communication can be used to facilitate the transfer process by framing similarity in
terms of common goals. Implications are discussed for the organization of consumer knowledge and affect across product categories
and for understanding prior research findings on brand extension.
Ingrid M. Martin (imartin@csulb.edu) is an associate professor of marketing at California State University at Long Beach. Her research has
examined issues in the area of consumer goals as they guide structuring and processing marketing information, product choice
and usage. Her research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Public Policy & Research, and five book chapters.
David W. Stewart (david.stewart@marshall.usc.edu) is the Robert E. Brooker Professor of Marketing in the Marshall School of Business at the
University of Southern California. He is the immediate past editor of theJournal of Marketing. Dr. Stewart has authored or co-authored more than 200 publications and seven books.
Shashi Matta (matta@marshall.usc.edu) is a doctoral candidate in marketing at the Marshal School of Business, University of Southern California.
His research interests include branding, and services marketing. Shashi’s research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research. 相似文献
46.
RalfGeibenLynn 《中国科技投资》2004,(6):54-54
I see a big growth potential for the US and Chinese biotechnology partnerships for the next years. US biotechnology sector is generating already more than $50 billion dollars. Chinese bio-technology will grow in the next 20 years to more than 11 billion yuan (US 1.33 billion) annually. 相似文献
47.
48.
Summary. A model that includes the cost of producing money is presented and the nature of the inefficient equilibria in the model
are examined. It is suggested that if one acknowledges that transactions are a form of production, which requires the consumption
of resources, then the concept of Pareto optimality is inappropriate for assessing efficiency. Instead it becomes necessary
to provide an appropriate comparative analysis of alternative transactions mechanisms in the appropriate context.
Received: September 5, 2000; revised version: May 3, 2001 相似文献
49.
Summary. In order to explain in a systematic way why certain combinations of market, financial, and legal structures may be intrinsic to certain capabilities to exchange real goods, we introduce criteria for abstracting the qualitative functions of markets. The criteria involve the number of strategic freedoms the combined institutions, considered as formalized strategic games, present to traders, the constraints they impose, and the symmetry with which those constraints are applied to the traders. We pay particular attention to what is required to make these strategic market games well-defined, and to make various solutions computable by the agents within the bounds on information and control they are assumed to have. As an application of these criteria, we present a complete taxonomy of the minimal one-period exchange economies with symmetric information and inside money. A natural hierarchy of market forms is observed to emerge, in which institutionally simpler markets are often found to be more suitable to fewer and less-diversified traders, while the institutionally richer markets only become functional as the size and diversity of their users gets large.Received: 5 June 2003, Revised: 18 November 2003, JEL Classification Numbers:
C7, G10, G20, L10, D40, D50.
Correspondence to: Eric SmithEric Smith, Martin Shubik: We are grateful to Lloyd Shapley, Duncan Foley, and Doyne Farmer for discussions in the course of this work. 相似文献
50.
A multistage economy with durables with finite and with unbounded lives is considered. The importance of the existence of both asset and rental markets is considered. It is shown that without rental markets efficiency may not be achieved and a stationary state that might exist with rental markets need not exist. The meaning of the existence of a 100% backed loan is considered. The roles of gold and land as stores of value and money are considered.Research supported in part by ONR Grant N00014-86-K-0220 and by NSF Grant No. SES-8812051. 相似文献