Sharing versus collaborative economy: how to align ICT developments and the SDGs in tourism?

Great hopes have been placed in the sharing economy to provide a new business model based on peer-to-peer (P2P) exchanges of underutilized assets. As a model, the sharing economy has been expected to make significant contributions to sustainability, providing new opportunities for entrepreneurship, more sustainable use of resources, and consumer co-operation in tight economic networks. However, in recent years, digital platforms have turned into the most important actors in the global sharing economy, turning global corporations, such as AirBnB, Booking, or TripAdvisor into intermediaries controlling and profiting from most transactions. Focused on accommodation, this paper conceptualizes the sharing economy in comparison to the wider collaborative economy, and discusses its social, economic, environmental, and political impacts in comparison to the sustainable development goals. It concludes that the sharing economy has great potential to make very significant contributions to sustainability, though the model is increasingly being replaced by the collaborative economy, which performs as an extension and acceleration of neoliberal economic practices.     

Induced Innovation in U.S. Agriculture: Time-series, Direct Econometric, and Nonparametric Tests

The hypothesis of induced innovation is tested for U.S. agriculture using a high-quality state-level panel data set and three disparate testing techniques—time series, direct econometric, and nonparametric. We find little support for the hypothesis. That conclusion is robust across testing techniques. However, as with all empirical tests of this hypothesis conducted to date, ours focus only on the demand side of the hypothesis. The hypothesis could have been rejected simply because the marginal cost of developing and implementing input-saving technologies for the relatively expensive inputs is greater than for the relatively cheap inputs.     

Statistical Thinking in Empirical Enquiry

This paper discusses the thought processes involved in statistical problem solving in the broad sense from problem formulation to conclusions. It draws on the literature and in-depth interviews with statistics students and practising statisticians aimed at uncovering their statistical reasoning processes. From these interviews, a four-dimensional framework has been identified for statistical thinking in empirical enquiry. It includes an investigative cycle, an interrogative cycle, types of thinking and dispositions. We have begun to characterise these processes through models that can be used as a basis for thinking tools or frameworks for the enhancement of problem-solving. Tools of this form would complement the mathematical models used in analysis and address areas of the process of statistical investigation that the mathematical models do not, particularly areas requiring the synthesis of problem-contextual and statistical understanding. The central element of published definitions of statistical thinking is "variation". We further discuss the role of variation in the statistical conception of real-world problems, including the search for causes.     

Long-Term Productivity and Factor Demand in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry

The long-term structure of production, factor demand and factor productivity in the Canadian pulp and paper industry was studied for the period 1956 to 1982. A four input (labor, capital, material and energy) nonhomothetic translog cost function was used for the purpose. Least-cost combinations of the four factors were obtained by imbedding an interrelated dynamic adjustment process. These least-cost paths, from which the cyclical fluctuations due to business turns were filtered out, were then used to derive the long-term productivity of each input. Long-term elasticities of substitution and demand were also computed. Long-term and short-term results were compared. Important findings of the study were: (i) the long-term structure of production of the industry can be represented by the nomothetic version of the translog cost function, (ii) the long-term technological progress in the industry is slow despite evidence of some economies of scale in production, (iii) all factors of production in the industry are long-run substitutes despite short-run complementarities between some factors of production, (iv) each input was observed to be misallocated during the period of study as compared to the least-cost allocations, (v) observed productivity growth of capital, labor and energy declined during the seventies and early eighties, as compared to growth in the sixties, but growth in their long-run productivities did not, (vi) though both observed and long-run productivities of raw material declined the rate of decline was lower on the long-run path, and (vii) price increases in the pulp and paper industry after 1971 could have been lower than what was actually experienced if the industry could change with economic circumstances more rapidly. La structure à long terme de production, de facteur de demande et de facteur de productivité dans l'industrie canadienne de putpe et de papier est étudiée pour la période de 1956 à 1982. Une fonction de coût “nonhomothetic translog” avec quatre entrées (la main-d'oeuvre, le capital, le matériel et l‘énergie) est utilisée pour cette étude. Les combinaisons les moins chères des quatre facteurs sont obtenues en incluant un ajustement dynamique du processus d'interaction. Ces chemins les moins chers, desquels les fluctuations conjoncturelles dues aux changements d'affaires sont enlevées, sont utilisés pour dériver la productivité à long terme de chaque entrée. Les élasticités à long terme de substitution et de demande sont aussi calculées. Les résultats à long terme et ceux à court terme sont comparés. Les découvertes importantes de cette étude sont: (i) la structure à long terme de production de l’-industrie peut être représentée par la version “homothetic” de la fonction de coût “translog,” (ii) le progrès technologique à long terme dans l'industrie est lent malgré l‘évidence de certaines économies par la production à grande échelle, (iii) tous les facteurs de production dans l'industrie sont des substituts à long terme malgré les complémentarités à court terme parmi les facteurs de production, (iv) chaque entrée était allouée au mauvais endroit pendant la période d’étude à comparaison des allocations les moins chères, (v) la croissance de productivité observée de capital, de main-d'oeuvre et d‘énergie a diminué pendant les années soixante-dix et au début des années quatre-vingts, à comparaison de la croissance dans les années soixante, mais la croissance de leurs productivités à long terme n'a pas diminué, (vi) bien que les productivités observées et à long terme de matières premières ont diminué, les taux de diminution sont plus bas sur le chemin à long terme, et (vii) les augmentations de prix dans l'industrie de pulpe et de papier après 1971 auraient pu être plus bas qu'on n'a expérimenté si l'industrie était capable de changer plus rapidement selon les circonstances économiques.     

The coalitional approach to core theory

The Core-Walras Equivalence is examined in a finite or infinite economy in which the competitive gap is bounded by the size of the atoms in the economy. The economy is represented by a Boolean algebra of coalitions, and coalitions rather than individual agents are taken as a primitive concept. Coalition arbitrage plays the central role in our analysis.     

Soil and Moisture Management in Mali: A Case Study Analysis for West Africa

In order for farmers to accept improved soil and water management practices, new technologies must be appropriate to the specific site conditions found in the farm setting and be consistent with farmers' objectives and available resources. A whole-farm modeling analysis of this problem is described. Preliminary estimates of the benefits of increased soil moisture conservation for representative low-resource farmers in Mali are presented. If farmers could improve rainfall infiltration from currently low rates of about 40% up to 60%, and use small amounts of chemical fertilizers, disposable income could increase two to four times depending on rainfall. Income could be increased another 50% if the infiltration rate was raised to 80%. Food grain production could increase 60 to 90% with improved moisture conservation and fertilizer use.     

Modern rice technology and regional wage differentials in the Philippines

Fear has been widely expressed that the modern rice varieties have created large disparities in regional income distribution, as the productivity gap between favorable and unfavorable rice-production environments widened due to differential technology adoption throughout South and Southeast Asia over the last two decades. Technology affects the income of farm population directly through its effects on productivity and factor use, and indirectly through its effect on factor prices. In particular, the ultimate distributional impact of modern varieties will critically depend on the interregional labor-market adjustments through migration in response to regional wage differentials created by the differential technology adoption, since labor is the main resource of the majority of the rural population. We studied favorable and unfavorable rice-growing villages in the Philippines, and found that adoption of modern varieties during the 1970s was positively related to population growth rate. Contrary to popular belief, no association was observed between wage rates and adoption of modern varieties as of 1986. These findings support the hypothesis that the differential adoption of modern rice varieties induced interregional labor migration toward equalization of wage income across different production environments.