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111.
Summary. We find that in cumulative prospect theory (CPT) with a concave value function in gains, a lottery with finite expected value may have infinite subjective value. This problem does not occur in expected utility theory. The paradox occurs in particular in the setting and the parameter regime studied by Tversky and Kahneman [15] and in subsequent works. We characterize situations in CPT where the problem can be resolved. In particular, we define a class of admissible probability distributions and admissible parameter regimes for the weighting- and value functions for which finiteness of the subjective value can be proved. Alternatively, we suggest a new weighting function for CPT which guarantees finite subjective value for all lotteries with finite expected value, independent of the choice of the value function. Some of these results have already been found independently by Blavatskyy [4] in the context of discrete lotteries.Received: 14 October 2004, Revised: 6 May 2005, JEL Classification Numbers:
C91, D81.We thank Pavlo Blavatskyy and Thorsten Hens for their helpful remarks regarding our paper. Moreover, we thank the referee for his constructive suggestions. This research was supported by the University Research Priority Program “Finance and Financial Markets” a research instrument of the University of Zürich. 相似文献
112.
Three processes reflecting persistence of volatility are initially formulated by evaluating three Lévy processes at a time change given by the integral of a mean-reverting square root process. The model for the mean-reverting time change is then generalized to include non-Gaussian models that are solutions to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equations driven by one-sided discontinuous Lévy processes permitting correlation with the stock. Positive stock price processes are obtained by exponentiating and mean correcting these processes, or alternatively by stochastically exponentiating these processes. The characteristic functions for the log price can be used to yield option prices via the fast Fourier transform. In general mean-corrected exponentiation performs better than employing the stochastic exponential. It is observed that the mean-corrected exponential model is not a martingale in the filtration in which it is originally defined. This leads us to formulate and investigate the important property of martingale marginals where we seek martingales in altered filtrations consistent with the one-dimensional marginal distributions of the level of the process at each future date. 相似文献
113.
One of the fundamental objectives of corporate governance is to promote a climate that fosters ethical decision-making. As transitioning economies move toward more transparent and democratic systems the existence of policies, such as codes of ethics, that attempt to monitor and control moral behavior will become increasingly important. The establishment of ethical standards not only encourages trust with potential trade partners but also is likely to cultivate foreign direct investment. In this study, data collected from 112 U.S. and 74 Russian respondents reveal some intriguing patterns across these two diverse economies. Managerial implications and future research directions are also discussed. 相似文献
114.
Marc J. Dollinger 《Journal of Business Ethics》1988,7(8):575-584
This paper proposes that an important method for understanding the ethics of Japanese management is the systematic study of its Confucian traditions and the writings of Confucius. Inconsistencies and dysfunction in Japanese ethical and managerial behavior can be attributed to contradictions in Confucius' writings and inconsistencies between the Confucian code and modern realities. Attention needs to be directed to modern Confucian philosophy since, historically Confucian thought has been an early warning system for impending change.Dr. Marc J. Dollinger is an Assistant Professor of Management at Indiana University. He received his Ph.D. from Lehigh University in 1983. His current research is focused on the strategic management of small firms and entrepreneurship 相似文献
115.
D.Larry Crumbley Marc J. Epstein Lorence L. Bravenec 《Accounting, Organizations and Society》1977,2(2):131-139
Tax effects of corporate social responsibility decisions should be incorporated into the various approaches for performing social audits or accounting for social performance. This paper identifies some special U.S. tax provisions which encourage corporate participations in social responsibilities. The Linowes' socio-economic accounting model is revised to show tax costs. 相似文献
116.
This article develops an alternative method for solving the problem of the “missing equation” by including the market-nonmarket decision for factors and capital-labor mix decision for producers. The result is a wedge or supply-side model of the economy. This general equilibrium macro model describes the interaction between the product and factor markets, describes both the income and substitution effects of government actions, and provides new insights into the full impact of the government sector. 相似文献
117.
Zusammenfassung Produktion und internationaler Handel in einem Zwei-Sektoren-Modell mit variablem Faktorangebot. — In diesem Aufsatz wird
untersucht, wie sich in einem Modell mit variablem Faktorangebot die Ergebnisse und Folgerungen aus dem traditionellen 2 x
2-Modell einer offenen Volkswirtschaft ver?ndern. Eine Produktionsfunktion des Haushaltssektors wird entwickelt, um ein variables
Arbeitsangebot in das Modell einbeziehen zu k?nnen. Dann wird die neue Beziehung zwischen der Produktion des Marktsektors
und den Ver?nderungen des Verh?ltnisses von Lohn und Kapitalrendite, die entsprechende Ver?nderungen des Arbeitsangebots auf
dem Marktsektor bewirkt, n?her untersucht. Schlie\lich wird dargestellt, warum unter einigen sehr allgemeinen Annahmen die
Kurve, die die Beziehung zwischen den beiden unter marktm?\igen Bedingungen produzierten Gütern darstellt, nicht mehr konkav
zum Ursprung verl?uft. Dieses scheinbar perverse Ergebnis findet eine sehr rationale Erkl?rung und liefert die Grundlage für
eine plausible alternative Erkl?rung des Leontief-Paradoxons.
Résumé La production et le commerce international dans un modèle aux deux secteurs et à l’offre variable de facteurs. — Dans cet article les auteurs examinent comment le modèle à l’offre variable de facteurs change les résultats et les implications d’un 2 x 2 modèle traditionnel de l’économie ouverte. Une fonction de production pour le secteur de ménage est introduite afin de créer une offre variable de maind’∄uvre. Puis l’auteur examine la relation nouvelle entre la production du secteur de marché et les changements en rapport salaire/rendement de capital qui causent des changements correspondants en offre de main-d’∄uvre dans le secteur de marché. Finalement, les auteurs exposent pourquoi sous quelques conditions très générales la courbe qui illustre la relation entre les deux biens produits sur le marché n’est plus concave vers l’origine. Ce résultat apparemment pervers a une explication très rationnelle et donne la base pour une explication alternative et plausible du paradoxe de Léontief.
Resumen Un modelo de dos sectores de producción y comercio con ofertas de factores variables. — En este artículo se examina cómo el modelo de oferta variable de factores altera los resultados e implicaciones del modelo tradicional 2 x 2 en una economía abierta. Se introduce una función de producción doméstica como un medio para generar nuestro modelo de oferta variable de trabajo. En seguida se examina la nueva relación entre el mercado de producción y cambios en la relación salario-renta, que da cuenta de cambios correspondientes en la oferta laboral con respecto al sector de mercado. Finalmente, se expone por qué bajo ciertas condiciones muy générales, la relación entre los dos bienes producidos en el mercado no es cóncava con respecto al origen. Este resultado aparentemente perverso tiene una explicación muy racional y proporciona la base para una explicación plausible y alternativa para la paradoja de Leontief.相似文献
118.
Marc Lavoie 《Metroeconomica》2006,57(2):165-192
A common view is now pervasive in policy research at universities and central banks, which one could call the New Keynesian consensus, based on an endogenous money supply. This new consensus reproduces received wisdom: in the long run, expansionary fiscal policy leads to higher inflation rates and real interest rates, while more restrictive monetary policy only leads to lower inflation rates. The paper provides a simple four‐quadrant apparatus to represent the above, and it shows that simple modifications to the new consensus model are enough to radically modify received doctrine as to the likely effects of fiscal and monetary policies. 相似文献
119.
120.
Despite the recent emergence of many new ethical decision making models, there has been minimal emphasis placed on the impact of escalating commitment on the ethical decision making process. In this paper a new variable is introduced into the ethical decision making literature. This variable, exposure to escalation situations, is posited to increase the likelihood that individuals will choose unethical decision alternatives. Further, it is proposed that escalation situations should be included as a variable in Jones's (1991) comprehensive model of ethical decision making. Finally, research propositions are provided based on the relationship between escalating commitment and the ethical decision making process. 相似文献