Inertia and Discrimination in the California State Civil Service

Analysis of the California State Civil Service indicates that its occupational wage structure is very stable. Salaries established in 1931 continue to influence current wages, over 60 years later, even while controlling for market wages. This results from the California Civil Service's policy of maintaining the relative wage structure that was established initially in 1931 despite conflicting market wages. Because the California Civil Service explicitly lowered salaries for female-dominated jobs when it established its initial salary structure, these jobs remained underpaid by $1.6 billion from 1973 to 1993. These findings support notions of wage rigidity and fairness in efficiency wage and institutional labor market theories.     

The Revenue Gains from Multi‐Tier Ticket Pricing: Evidence from Pop Music Concerts

We provide empirical estimates of the revenue benefits of multi‐tier pricing at a major US pop music venue. Our unique sample includes data on the number of tickets sold at every price. Mean revenue gain from multi‐tier pricing is estimated to be about $20,000 per show, a 4.2% increase over uniform pricing, although the gains were as high as 21.2% for one performer. We also provide evidence that customer segmentation by income is a likely motive of multi‐tier pricing and, for the first time, that the standard assumption of zero marginal cost of additional venue attendees is valid. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple and pairwise non-nested tests of the influence of taxes on money demand

The minimal computational requirements of the linear embedding techniques initiated by Davidson and MacKinnon (1981) accommodate multiple and binary tests of autoregressive, non-nested regression models with different dependent variables. The small sample adjustments of Fisher and McAleer (1981) effectively reduce the size of the P-tests for our models. Our application to transactions demand for money models supports the Holmes and Smyth (1972) hypothesis that pre-tax variables are preferred to GNP in M1 money equations.     

Paid,Earned, Shared and Owned Media From the Perspective of Advertising and Public Relations Agencies: Comparing China and the United States

Despite the existence of the “great firewall,” advertising and public relations practitioners in China, much like in the United States, are embracing and enacting social media and digital strategies on behalf of their clients. In this study, we conducted 42 in-depth interviews with advertising and public relations practitioners in the United States and mainland China to explore how emerging media and integrated marketing communication (IMC) are impacting advertising and public relations agencies in the two countries. This cross-cultural comparison revealed several critical insights, which were examined through the lenses of IMC and dimensions of culture. We found that emerging media lead to converging trends in various aspects of agency performance. The blurring of paid, earned, shared, and owned media (PESO) was evidentially observed in how executives of both countries defined and used media. Chinese agencies were media agnostic, concerned more with effectiveness of media practices. The U.S. agencies embraced collaboration and information technology better compared to their Chinese peers. This research contributes to the body of knowledge in strategic communication via providing empirical evidence of how Chinese and U.S. agencies coordinate IMC and perceive PESO media relative and in response to emerging media practices.     

Klimaschutz im Verkehrssektor — aktuelle Beispiele aus der Verkehrsforschung

Decarbonising the transport sector will be one of the biggest challenges in the future. Current innovations in the transport sector will be used to identify greenhouse gas emission reduction methods and the associated costs. Economists from the German Aerospace Center (DLR) have compiled current research results from various DLR institutes which have revealed that a wide range of technological and organisational innovations for reducing climate-related emissions are available with varying market maturity. Increasing technological efficiency alone, however, is not enough to achieve the ambitious climate targets. Good policies are also essential to take things to the next level.     

Designing the Best: A Review of Effective Teaching and Learning of Design and Technology

The role of Design and Technology (D &; T) in schools in England is changing. As from September 2002, D &; T will no longer be compulsory from age 14, but students will have a statutory entitlement to opt to study the subject. These proposed changes have renewed policy-makers' interest in a subject, which was first introduced into the National Curriculum in England and Wales in 1990. It provides the immediate context for a review of the literature published in English on Design and Technology commissioned by the Department of Education and Skills. Four databases were searched: the British Education Index (BEI), Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), PsychInfo, and Current Educational Research in the UK (CERUK). This article draws from the findings of the review and focuses in particular on two questions: How can D &; T be delivered effectively and what enhances learning and teaching in D &; T? The reviewers conclude that the factors which enhance effective learning and teaching of D &; T include: adequate equipment and accommodation, appropriate curriculum content and teaching methods, up-to-date continuing professional development for teaching and management support to allow teachers to implement innovative practices. In addition, they suggest a research agenda, which could inform future research in D &; T.     

The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or,Two Different Worlds?

La logique du type associatif de 91 gestionnaires canadiens anglophones de sexe féminin et 92 gestionnaires canadiens anglophones de sexe masculin a été comparée au moyen d'une analyse du contenu des antécédents et conséquents (méthode Triandis et al.; 1972) relatifs à 11 valeurs de travail et 10 valeurs personnelles. Les échantillons de ces gestionnaires de la Fonction Publique du Canada étaient semblables pour l'ǎge, le statut socioéconomique et les années d'expérience en gestion. Une recension des écrits suggère qu'il n'y a pas de différence quant à leur orientation aux valeurs en ce qui concerne les catégories expressives vs. instrumentales. L'analyse du contenu dans ces catégories démontre que la connotation de ces concepts de valeurs étaient équivalents pour ces gestionnaires, quelque soit leur sexe. Le Rho = 0.91 pour les antécédents et 0.97 pour les conséquences pour les gestionnaires femmes vs. hommes, nous donnent une estimation de cette équivalence. Ces résultats sont interprétés comme reflétant un haut niveau de similitude de fonctionnement et une équivalence interne dans les schèmes de référence dans la culture subjective (la logique du type associatif) des hommes et des femmes gestionnaires à l'intérieur de la Fonction Publique.     

Measuring News in Management Range Forecasts

Management earnings forecasts expressed as a range have become the most common form of quantitative management guidance. Traditionally, the proxy for the sign and the magnitude of the information conveyed by these forecasts—the forecast news—is calculated as the difference between a pre-forecast earnings expectation and the midpoint of the forecasted range. We provide strong evidence that this traditional measure understates the amount of information conveyed by range forecasts. More importantly, we demonstrate that information conveyed by the upper and lower bounds of the forecasts can be used to improve the classification of forecasts as conveying good or bad news and for calculating the magnitude of that news. We rely on these findings to suggest alternative methods of classifying management range forecasts as conveying good versus bad news and to refine the calculation of forecast news to include the broader information set. Our analysis also suggests that the information conveyed by the range when the forecasts are bundled (issued concurrent with an earnings announcement) is significantly different than when forecasts are not bundled. Overall, our study documents the importance of incorporating range-related information when assessing the sign and the magnitude of the information conveyed by management range forecasts.     

Regional destination image perception of tourists within a winescape context

This study's purpose is to conceptualise a wine regional destination's perceived image, in the process integrating multiple theories such as servicescape, place-based and destination choice. The research (n?=?334 respondents) outlines the conceptualisation of a wine region destination's image in the form of a winescape framework as perceived by visitors. The winescape construct is identified within a framework of eight dimensions for a well-known US wine region. The most important winescape dimension is the natural beauty/geographical setting. The first-time and repeat visit dynamic impacts upon visitors' wine tourism behaviour and perception of the region's winescape. For in-state and out-of-state-based visitors there are pronounced differences in their perception of the region's winescape dimensions. Increasing distance from the destination region is pivotal in the perception of the winescape dimensions. The decision to engage in wine tourism is seemingly impulsive from a timing viewpoint, and the motivations guiding the visitors' behaviour are mainly of a hedonic nature.     

Employers’ Estimates of Market Wages: Implications for Wage Discrimination in the U.S.

In the U.S., public and private employers often survey each other’s wages in order to estimate the prevailing “market wage” for a job. I examine this process to see how it can lead to underpaying women, relying on a 1989 study of government wage-setting in the State of Washington and my own study of government wage-setting in the State of California. Gender biases can appear because numerous decisions are involved in each step of the process, and these decisions are often influenced by the gendered social and political environment, including the different levels of political organization of male and female employees.