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991.
    
This study examined the efficacy of one particular approach to leadership development: outdoor experience-based training and development (EBTD). Two sections of Voyageur Outward Bound School's Professional Development Program were selected for analysis. To overcome the methodological shortcomings of previous research in this area, several methods of data gathering were employed. Qualitative data revealed a substantial number of leadership skills that the programs intended their participants to develop. Differences between the two sections in energy level, quality of facilitation, and depth of processing were observed. Quantitatively, neither group demonstrated significant change on the Leadership Profile questionnaire at the .05 level. The two groups, statistically combined, demonstrated a significant negative change in two of the six dimensions of the questionnaire. They did not demonstrate positive change in the areas that Outward Bound suggested they would.  相似文献   
992.
    
Since 1934 the Federal Reserve Board has had the power to set separate limits on the amount of credit that can be extended to purchasers of common stock. There has been much recent debate about the efficacy of these margin regulations. This article argues that the Fed has responded to increases in stock prices by raising margin requirements. The increase in prices has been associated with a decrease in volatility. There is no evidence that changes in margin requirements reduce subsequent stock return volatility. Also, trading halts have not had much effect on volatility in the past. Trading halts that were associated with banking panics were associated with high stock return volatility, but halts without bank panics were not associated with high levels of volatility.This article summarizes discussion that was presented at the Columbia Center for the Study of Futures Markets Conference on Regulatory Reform of Stock and Futures Markets, May 12, 1989.  相似文献   
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994.
    
E. G. West 《Kyklos》1971,24(3):534-545
Normally price subsidies paid for by Group B are the most efficient method available to encourage further consumption of a good by Group A so as to appropriate the external benefits from such consumption. If, however, beyond a point Group A suffers negative utility from marginal consumption, Group B may be able to overcome this obstacle by offering an additional income subsidy. In so far as it is necessary for B to police this extra consumption, compulsion is required; but it is of a kind which does not result in net injury to A since full compensation is being paid; the Paretian criteria are therefore met. Compulsion may also be reconcilable with the traditional welfare requirements by a ‘constitutional approach’. Paretian optimality could be secured through unanimous agreement to abide by freely chosen democratic rules concerning the duties of future parents. In the real world it is difficult to decide upon the degree of realistic applicability of the above rationale since the institution of compulsion is also constant with the operation of an imperfect political process in which supply interest groups are dominant.  相似文献   
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998.
Abstract

This article is a self-contained survey of utility functions and some of their applications. Throughout the paper the theory is illustrated by three examples: exponential utility functions, power utility functions of the first kind (such as quadratic utility functions), and power utility functions of the second kind (such as the logarithmic utility function). The postulate of equivalent expected utility can be used to replace a random gain by a fixed amount and to determine a fair premium for claims to be insured, even if the insurer’s wealth without the new contract is a random variable itself. Then n companies (or economic agents) with random wealth are considered. They are interested in exchanging wealth to improve their expected utility. The family of Pareto optimal risk exchanges is characterized by the theorem of Borch. Two specific solutions are proposed. The first, believed to be new, is based on the synergy potential; this is the largest amount that can be withdrawn from the system without hurting any company in terms of expected utility. The second is the economic equilibrium originally proposed by Borch. As by-products, the option-pricing formula of Black-Scholes can be derived and the Esscher method of option pricing can be explained.  相似文献   
999.
    
In this research we use a continuous payment formula for duration to examine the price behavior of a fixed-rate level payment mortgage. In the case where the mortgage is held to maturity, duration increases monotonically as term-to-maturity increases, regardless of changes in the market rate of interest. In the case where the mortgage is prepaid prior to maturity, there exists a unique market interest rate below which duration is a monotonically increasing function of time of prepayment, but above which duration has a global maximum at some time of prepayment prior to the term-to-maturity.  相似文献   
1000.
The goal of capitation is to place gatekeepers at financial risk for the services the deliver. However, third party payers should provide gatekeepers with some type of protection against random and systematic risk transfer. Gatekeeper physicians' other alternative is to reduce this risk on their own by actively marketing services to healthier individuals and creating barriers to care for their sicker patients. Thus, the proper balance of risk transfer will result in the most cost-efficient, quality gatekeeper networks. However, even with the right balance of risk transfer, capitation may provide incentive for some physicians to withhold necessary services to further increase their profit margins-making quality of care a key concern. Thus, practice guidelines should be developed to ensure quality is not affected. These guidelines afford explicit criteria on how gatekeepers should respond in specific clinical situations.  相似文献   
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