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71.
Anthony Bebbington Denise Humphreys Bebbington Jeffrey Bury Jeannet Lingan Juan Pablo Muoz Martin Scurrah 《World development》2008,36(12):2888
Social movements have been viewed as vehicles through which the concerns of poor and marginalized groups are given greater visibility within civil society, lauded for being the means to achieve local empowerment and citizen activism, and seen as essential in holding the state to account and constituting a grassroots mechanism for promoting democracy. However, within development studies little attention has been paid to understanding how social movements can affect trajectories of development and rural livelihood in given spaces, and how these effects are related to movements’ internal dynamics and their interaction with the broader environment within which they operate. This paper addresses this theme for the case of social movements protesting contemporary forms of mining investment in Latin America. On the basis of cases from Peru and Ecuador, the paper argues that the presence and nature of social movements has significant influences both on forms taken by extractive industries (in this case mining) and on the effects of this extraction on rural livelihoods. In this sense, one can usefully talk about rural development as being co-produced by movements, mining companies, and other actors, in particular the state. The terms of this co-production, however, vary greatly among different locations, reflecting the distinct geographies of social mobilization and of mineral investment, as well as the varying power relationships among the different actors involved. 相似文献
72.
John Martin 《实用企业财务杂志》2001,14(3):22-34
Leading financial economists and activist institutional investors have long argued that the proper alignment of manager and shareholder interests requires the use of performance based compensation. Partly in response to these pressures, and in combination with a change in the tax code that encourages performance-based pay, corporate boards have dramatically increased their use of stock grants and executive stock options. Combine this development with the longest bull market in U.S. financial history, and the result is unprecedented levels of CEO pay at the close of the 20th century. This review of executive compensation reveals that the economic theory of tournaments may provide a rationale for the pattern, if not the level, of executive pay. Specifically it finds that the total compensation of the five highestpaid executives in a cross-section of new and old-economy firms is very similar to the pattern of payouts to players in a golf tournament. The author also reports that recent studies show a significant increase in the pay-for-performance correlation throughout the 1990s. But whether that correlation is as high as it should be, and whether current levels of CEO pay are socially "optimal," are questions that remain unanswered. 相似文献
73.
THE EFFECTS OF COMPANY TRAINING,FURTHER EDUCATION AND THE YOUTH TRAINING SCHEME ON THE EARNINGS OF YOUNG EMPLOYEES* 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Francis Green Martin Hoskins Scott Montgomery 《Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics》1996,58(3):469-488
Abstract This paper provides evidence on the impact of company training, of post-compulsory education and of the UK Youth Training Scheme in the late 1980's on the earnings of 21-year-old employees in England and Wales. Earnings equations are estimated for each of seven groups of employees who have followed alternative routes from compulsory education into employment, allowing for selectivity into these routes. There are several findings, including: both high parental social class and better school qualifications help to channel people into higher status routes, while high local unemployment has the opposite effect; participation in company training in long spells substantially raises wages but short spells do not; YTS participation fails to raise, and possibly substantially lowers, wages even three years after graduation compared to those who left school at 16 and went to work and received no training; there is weak evidence that, even for those that do not enter higher education, it is better to stay on at school after 16 than go into YTS. 相似文献
74.
Gabrielle Demange 《Economic Theory》2002,20(1):1-27
Summary. This paper defines and studies optimality in a dynamic stochastic economy with finitely lived agents, and investigates the
optimality properties of an equilibrium with or without sequentially complete markets. Various Pareto optimality concepts
are considered, including interim and ex ante optimality. We show that, at an equilibrium with a productive asset (land) and sequentially complete markets, the intervention
of a government may be justified, but only to improve risk sharing between generations. If markets are incomplete, constrained
interim optimality is investigated in two-period lived OLG economies. We extend the optimality properties of an equilibrium with
land and give conditions under which introducing a pay-as-you-go system at an equilibrium would not lead to any Pareto improvement.
Received: October 5, 1998; revised version: April 3, 2001 相似文献
75.
76.
Dieter Joachim Ziegenhagen 《保险科学杂志》2002,91(3):259-277
At present, our society and its social security system are not prepared to cope with the challenges resulting from the continuous increase of life expectancy. The traditional concept of disease has to be modified for serving the special needs of the elderly. The optimistic compression of disease theory is an intriguing model, but lacks prove by available data. The anti-aging boom diverts the focus from the social and financial burden that will be unevitably caused by long-term care in the future. If there will not be an — up to now unforeseeable — breakthrough in research, particularly dementia will have an enormous impact on social cost which is often underestimated. 相似文献
77.
Efficient Liability Rules: Complete Characterization 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Received May, 18, 2000; revised version received March, 19, 2001 相似文献
78.
A large body of evidence indicates that macroeconomic and financial variables are dynamically interrelated. In an international setup, we analyze the transmission mechanisms of macroeconomic shocks on the stock market of a small open economy in an increasingly integrated world. We use a time-varying vector error correction model (VECM) that allows analysis of asymmetric impacts that depend on the state of the business cycle. A special focus is directed on monetary policy surprises, where we find that foreign shocks exert a strong influence on an integrated stock market, and that the stage of the business cycle heavily affects the signals of the shocks. 相似文献
79.
80.
We study possible rankings of opportunity profiles. An opportunity profile is a list of opportunity sets, one for each agent
in the society. We compare profiles on the basis of the notion of “equality of opportunities”. Our main results show the necessary
and sufficient conditions for this comparison to be made using exclusively the information provided by two cardinal measures:
the number of common alternatives in all sets of a given profile and the difference between the number of alternatives in
the individual sets. We also show that, under additional axioms, we can combine these criteria only in a weighted procedure
or in some lexicographic refinements of a weighted procedure.
相似文献