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51.
Over the last decade, independent agencies, institutions and research centres (ISTAT—National Statistic Office, Ministry of
Economic Development, Confcooperative Legacoop, Unioncamere) have provided studies on the evolution of the cooperative movement
in the Third Sector in Italy in order to monitor the development of these organizations over time and to evaluate their economic
and employment impact in the country. Following a similar path, this study analyzes the contribution of social cooperatives
in Italy at a regional level, highlighting the differences related to their longevity and fields of activity. Moreover, the
article evaluates the efficiency and profitability of the social cooperative by adopting principal component analysis to economic
and financial indexes. 相似文献
52.
53.
Maurizio Motolese 《Economic Theory》2003,21(2-3):317-345
Summary. We study some implications of the Theory of Rational Beliefs to monetary policy. We show that monetary policy in a Rational
Beliefs environment can have an important effect on the characteristics of economic fluctuations. In Rational Beliefs Equilibria
money is generically non-neutral unlike Rational Expectations Equilibria in which money is neutral and monetary policy is
ineffective. Under Rational Beliefs Equilibria nominal prices and real output change not only in response to changes in the
exogenous growth rate of money but also in response to changes in the state of beliefs. In Rational Beliefs Equilibria monetary
shocks have real effects even when they are observed but are not fully anticipated. Furthermore, the non-neutrality of money
results in a short run Phillips curve. When money “flutters, real output sputters” [8]. We show that Endogenous Uncertainty and the distribution of market beliefs are the major explanatory variables of such fluctuations. Under Rational Expectations
monetary policy is ineffective because agents neutralize it by predicting correctly the effect of the policy. Under Rational
Beliefs it is shown instead that inflation and recessions can be substantially aggravated by the distribution of market beliefs.
Received: January 14, 2002; revised version: April 5, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" I would like to thank Mordecai Kurz for his constant help and support. Most of the ideas developed hereby have been
inspired by innumerable and fruitful discussions with him. I have also greatly benefited from helpful comments by Stanley
Black, Luigi Campiglio, Carsten Nielsen and Ho-Mou Wu. I also received valuable remarks from participants at the V meeting
of “The Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory” held in Ischia, Italy, on July 2-8, 2001, where an initial draft of
the present work was presented. 相似文献
54.
This study examined investment–cash flow sensitivity in unconstrained and constrained firms from 1980 to 2010 in a sample of Italian manufacturing firms. Investment sensitivity to cash flow decreased over time, and financially constrained firms showed little difference in the decline compared with unconstrained firms. Last, investment sensitivity to cash flow increased during the financial crisis of 2008. 相似文献
55.
We review some of the literature at the intersection of innovation, financial markets, and economic growth. We explore two key questions: (i) How financial markets interact with innovation; (ii) what type of quality transformations are brought about by innovation. A special emphasis is given to questions that stem from the 2008 economic and financial crisis, and to subjects further developed in the articles collected in this issue. 相似文献
56.
This paper extends the empirical debate on the effects of corruption on environmental degradation by considering a recently available measure of environmental quality, the Environmental Performance Index. This indicator is more comprehensive than the measures of air pollutant emissions commonly used in the literature and, in particular, can also capture the impact of pollution on human health. This allows for a better understanding of the actual effects of a wide range of human activities on the ecosystem. From a panel data analysis, two regularities emerge. First, corruption deteriorates the overall environmental quality. This effect is robust and persistent. Second, our findings highlight the improvement of environmental quality as income rises, even at an initial level of development. This is not in contradiction with the EKC hypothesis because an increase in income levels provides positive externalities on the whole environmental quality by compensating the mere negative effects induced by industrialization on the emission levels. As a consequence, in emerging economies, policies fighting corruption and enhancing development are very likely to improve the environmental performances. 相似文献
57.
Through the application of the Macro Multiplier (MM) approach on an Input–Output matrix for US economy in year 2005, the paper identifies the ‘convenient’ structure of a policy control on final demand, oriented to a particular policy objective. The approach quantifies a set of aggregated scale effects, called MM, and the associated structures of both policy and objective variables. In this way the policy maker can both get a complete picture of the patterns of the objective that can be attained and determine a ‘convenient’ structure of the policy variable that compels the model towards those patterns. 相似文献
58.
Maurizio Motolese 《Economic Theory》2001,18(1):97-126
Summary. In Rational Beliefs Equilibria money is generically non-neutral. Given the expectational perspective proposed by the Theory
of Rational Belief Equilibrium, we show that one of the most important factors in the emergence of money non-neutrality is
played by Endogenous Uncertainty. This, in contrast to the Rational Expectations results of money neutrality and policy ineffectiveness, leads to a scenario
in which monetary policy has an impact on the real economy and price volatility. The heterogeneity of beliefs together with
the distribution and intensity of agents' states of optimism/pessimism can amplify the real effect of monetary policy and/or
generate endogenous fluctuations in the economy which are not explained by any exogenous shock. We claim that money non-neutrality
is mostly an expectations driven phenomenon. Indeed, additional assumptions of asymmetry of information and/or unanticipated
monetary policy are not needed to explain the real effect of monetary policy as it is customary in the New Classical Theory.
Received: May 30, 2000; revised version: December 28, 2000 相似文献
59.
Endogenous uncertainty and market volatility 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We advance the theory that the distribution of beliefs in the market is the most important propagation mechanism of economic volatility. Our model is based on the theory of Rational Beliefs (RB) and Rational Belief Equilibrium (RBE) developed by
Kurz (1994, 1997). We argue that the diverse market puzzles which are examined, such as the equity premium puzzle, are all
driven by the structure of market expectations. In support of our view, we present an RBE model with which we study financial
markets. The model is able to simulate the correct order of magnitude of: (i) the long term mean and standard deviation of
the price\dividend ratio; (ii) the long term mean and standard deviation of the risky rate of return on equities; (iii) the
long term mean and standard deviation of the riskless rate; (iv) the long term mean equity premium. In addition, the model
predicts (v) the GARCH property of risky asset returns; (vi) the observed pattern of the predictability of long returns on
assets, and (vii) the Forward Discount Bias in foreign exchange markets. The common economic explanation for these phenomena
is the existence of heterogenous agents with diverse but correlated beliefs such that some agents are optimistic and some
pessimistic about future capital gains. The model has a unique parameterization under which the model makes all the above
predictions simultaneously. The parameterization requires the optimists to be in the majority but the rationality of belief conditions of the RBE require
the pessimists to have a higher intensity level. In simple terms, the large equity premium and the low equilibrium riskless
rate are the result of the fact that at any moment of time there are agents who hold extreme pessimistic beliefs and they
have a relatively stronger impact on the market. The paper also studies the effect of correlation of beliefs among investors.
It shows that the main effect of such correlation is on the dynamic patterns of asset prices and returns and is hence important
for studying such phenomena as stochastic volatility.
Received: May 16, 2000; revised version: November 15, 2000 相似文献
60.
Maurizio Iacopetta 《Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control》2011,35(5):676-693
In this paper, I examine the transitional dynamics of an economy populated by individuals who split their time between acquiring a formal education, producing final goods, and innovating.The paper has two objectives: (i) uncovering the macroeconomic circumstances that favored the rise of formal education; (ii) to reconcile the remarkable growth of the education sector with the constancy of other key macroeconomic variables, such as the interest rate, the consumption-output ratio, and the growth rate of per capita income (Kaldor facts).The transitional dynamics of human capital growth models, such as Lucas (1998), would attribute the arrival of education to the diminishing marginal productivity of physical capital. Conversely, the model proposed here suggests that it is the rate of learning that catches up with the rate of return on physical capital. As technical knowledge expands, the rate of return on education increases, inducing individuals to stay longer in school. The model's transitional paths are matched with long run U.S. educational and economic data. 相似文献