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11.
Polytechnics are newcomers in companies' regional innovation environments in Finland. Particularly in regions with no university of their own or with only few knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) providers, they may become, and in some cases already are, important providers of science-and-technology-related services. The aim of this article is to analyse the roles, possibilities and challenges of polytechnics as public KIBS providers. Also, the position of polytechnics as a tool of Finnish innovation policy will be discussed. 相似文献
12.
Mika Kortelainen 《Ecological Economics》2008,64(4):701-715
This article presents a general framework for dynamic environmental performance analysis by generalizing the approach proposed by Kuosmanen and Kortelainen [Kuosmanen, T., Kortelainen, M., 2005. Measuring Eco-Efficiency of Production with Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 9(4), 59-72.] from a static to a dynamic setting. For this purpose we construct an environmental performance index (EPI) by applying frontier efficiency techniques and a Malmquist index approach. Compared to other dynamic environmental productivity and efficiency analysis approaches based on these methods, our approach builds on the standard definition of eco-efficiency as it is presented in the ecological economics literature. Recognizing the importance to analyze the sources of environmental performance changes, we show how changes in overall environmental performance can be decomposed into changes in relative eco-efficiency and shifts in environmental technology, respectively. We apply the presented technique at the macro level to dynamic environmental performance analysis of 20 member states of the European Union in 1990-2003. According to the results, environmental technical change mostly explains the improvement in overall environmental performance, while relative eco-efficiency change has been minor for most countries during the sample period. 相似文献
13.
Stochastic non-smooth envelopment of data: semi-parametric frontier estimation subject to shape constraints 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
The field of productive efficiency analysis is currently divided between two main paradigms: the deterministic, nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the parametric Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). This paper examines an encompassing semiparametric frontier model that combines the DEA-type nonparametric frontier, which satisfies monotonicity and concavity, with the SFA-style stochastic homoskedastic composite error term. To estimate this model, a new two-stage method is proposed, referred to as Stochastic Non-smooth Envelopment of Data (StoNED). The first stage of the StoNED method applies convex nonparametric least squares (CNLS) to estimate the shape of the frontier without any assumptions about its functional form or smoothness. In the second stage, the conditional expectations of inefficiency are estimated based on the CNLS residuals, using the method of moments or pseudolikelihood techniques. Although in a cross-sectional setting distinguishing inefficiency from noise in general requires distributional assumptions, we also show how these can be relaxed in our approach if panel data are available. Performance of the StoNED method is examined using Monte Carlo simulations. 相似文献
14.
Born internationals: Market expansion and business operation mode strategies in the digital media field 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
This paper examines leading Swedish and Finnish Internet consultancies operating in the digital media service field. These
are ‘born international’ firms that internationalise their business at an exceptionally rapid pace. The paper focuses on why
and to what extent the market expansion and business operation mode strategies of these companies deviate from the traditional
pattern depicted by the Scandinavian process school. The empirical data consisted of interviews with the founder and senior
management and secondary data from company and public archives. The research findings show that in fact both the international
new venture research and the Scandinavian internationalisation model appear to be valid. The former model was evidenced by
the fact that the born internationals indeed deviated from the behaviour of the traditional firms. The latter was exemplified
by the fact that the final internationalisation profile, after the withdrawals of firms from unsuccessful markets, was close
to what the Scandinavian internationalisation model would call ‘rational’ expansion. Hence, if the investigation period is
long enough to account for unsuccessful endeavours and withdrawals, we may then find empirical support for the traditional
model as well. To be reliable, the investigation period should cover at least one economic slow down. 相似文献
15.
T. J. Vapola Päivi Tossavainen Mika Gabrielsson 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2008,6(1):1-21
In the high-tech industries, new innovations affect a multinational company’s (MNC’s) competitive advantage. This article
empirically explores why and how MNCs complement their in-house R&D by forming strategic alliance constellations with small,
innovative born globals. We focus on loose, non-equity opportunity-seeking co-opetitive relationships. We call this approach
the battleship strategy. The critical elements of an MNC’s battleship strategy include an open innovation commercialization
strategy and creation of forums for facilitating open innovation and capturing ideas generated externally. Hence, we suggest
that MNCs may externalize some of their innovation activities while gaining a competitive advantage through access to open
innovation. This article contributes in several ways to earlier research focusing on the strategic alliances and networks
formed between MNCs and born globals by examining the relationship from an MNC’s perspective. 相似文献
16.
A particularly interesting area of research concerns how international fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies from small and open economies that operate in turbulent markets plan successful advertising campaigns for international markets. The objective of this research was to determine how they are planned and what factors affect this planning. The theoretical part of the study reviews literature related to the internationalization of firms, international advertising campaigns, and standardization versus adaptation of international advertising. Based on the literature, a theoretical framework and propositions regarding the international campaign planning process for FMCG companies were developed. The empirical part uses the multiple-case study method to examine four FMCG companies that were founded in Finland. The empirical results show that five stages are especially important in the international campaign planning of FMCG companies. Moreover, the companies need to consider a number of factors when deciding on international adverting campaigns. The study presents a number of theoretical contributions and managerial implications. A novel finding relates to the importance of understanding the impact of the internationalization/globalization phase of the company. During internationalization often within the home continent, companies increasingly adapt advertising campaigns to different countries, whereas globalization to other continents calls for increased standardization across countries. Another interesting finding was that FMCG companies from small and open-economy (SMOPEC) countries often use innovative non-traditional campaigns to overcome the resource limitations. 相似文献
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19.
We propose an approach for measuring and analyzing the dynamics of the standard aggregate wage growth of macro statistics with micro data. Our method decomposes the aggregate wage growth into the wage growth of job stayers and into various terms related to job and worker restructuring. This method produces explicit expressions with clear interpretations for the various restructuring components. Using comprehensive longitudinal employer–employee data, we study how job and worker restructuring influence the aggregate wage growth and its cyclicality. The results highlight the importance of drawing a sharp distinction between job and worker restructuring in the analysis of aggregate wage growth dynamics. 相似文献
20.
This paper explores the role of policymakers in encouraging endogenous growth in regions. Policymakers in many regions have sought to create the local conditions and the knowledge base that will allow a dynamic and innovative cohort of new knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms to emerge. We review existing models of agglomeration to identify the critical antecedents and dynamic processes that lead to agglomeration formation. The policy interventions and instruments that impact on these antecedents and processes are then outlined. We describe the evolution of two new knowledge-based agglomerations, Dublin in Ireland and Tampere in Finland, emphasizing the role of policy interventions in the process of agglomeration formation. We show how policy interventions play an important role in stimulating the development of new agglomerations. However, because the process of agglomeration formation is dependent on local resources and processes, efforts to directly transpose a development model from an established district are likely to be ineffective. 相似文献