Alternative interaction structures in square contingency tables having ordered classificatory variables

Goodman (1972) proposed several models for the analysis of the general I x I square tables with particular emphasis on social mobility data. We demonstrate in this paper, that most of his models can be reproduced by combinations of both new models proposed here and the various well known models that have received considerable attention in the literature. Our presentation here is both concise and simple to comprehend. The various models considered in this study are fitted to ten data sets that include the much analyzed 5×5 Danish and British Social mobility data sets. Results suggest that in some cases more parsimonious models than those considered earlier by various authors are possible for the explanations of the variations in the data analyzed in this study.     

A generalized hazard rate

We present a general class of probability functions in which the hazard rate depends on both time and a shift parameter. It is used, for example, to generalize a model of innovation due to Loury and Dasgupta and Stiglitz.     

Cost-effectiveness of ranibizumab and aflibercept to treat diabetic macular edema from a US perspective: analysis of 2-year Protocol T data

Abstract

Aims: Protocol T (NCT01627249) was a head-to-head study conducted by the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network that compared intravitreal aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). A cost-effectiveness analysis accompanying the 1-year data of Protocol T revealed that aflibercept was not cost-effective vs ranibizumab for all patients, but could have been cost-effective in certain patient sub-groups if the 1-year results were extrapolated out to 10?years. The present study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents (ranibizumab, aflibercept) for treatment of DME using the 2-year data from Protocol T.

Methods: Costs of aflibercept 2.0?mg or ranibizumab 0.3?mg, visual acuity (VA)-related medical costs, and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were simulated for eight VA health states. Treatment, adverse event management, and VA-related healthcare resource costs (2016 US dollars) were based on Medicare reimbursement and published literature. VA-related health utilities were determined using a published algorithm. Patients were stratified by baseline VA: 20/40 or better; 20/50 or worse.

Results: Total 2-year costs were higher, and QALYs similar, for aflibercept vs ranibizumab in the full cohort ($44,423 vs $34,529; 1.476 vs 1.466), 20/40 or better VA sub-group ($40,854 vs $31,897; 1.517 vs 1.519), and 20/50 or worse VA sub-group ($48,214 vs $37,246; 1.433 vs 1.412), respectively. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios in the full cohort and 20/50 or worse VA sub-group were $986,159/QALY and $523,377/QALY, respectively. These decreased to $711,301 and $246,978 when analyses were extrapolated to 10?years.

Limitations: Key potential limitations include the fact that VA was the only QALY parameter analyzed and the uncertainty surrounding the role of better- and worse-seeing eye VA in overall functional impairment.

Conclusions: This analysis suggests that aflibercept is not cost-effective vs ranibizumab for patients with DME, regardless of baseline vision.     

The predictive ability of entity-wide geographic sales disclosures: IAS 14R versus IFRS 8

This report examines the predictive value of geographic revenue disclosures under IFRS 8 in forecasting company revenues using four forecast models. The findings show that the predictive accuracy of IFRS 8 entity-wide geographic sales significantly outperform consolidated sales in forecasting consolidated sales one year out. The results indicate that the predictive ability of country specific entity wide geographic sales improves on average by six percent when geographic sales are reported for country of domicile or by each individually material country. The study also finds that geographic sales disclosures by companies located in countries with high and moderate enforcement regimes improve the predictive accuracy of geographic sales by five percent. These results provide evidence that the disclosure of finer geographic sales data is more decision useful and associated with improved predictive accuracy for large listed companies in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.     

The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada: A Comment

Due to the successful development of Norwegian salmon farming, major salmon producing countries (such as Canada, the United States, Japan, Chile, Scotland, etc.) have actively attempted to duplicate this practice. This recent development has far reaching implications for the salmon industry. Therefore, a demand analysis of Atlantic salmon products is timely. While we applaud the work by Kabir and Ridler (hereafter, KR), we would like to comment on the specification of their econometric model and elaborate on the implications of KR's findings on fishery management.     

Pricing Relationships in Interdependent North American Hog Markets: The Impact of the Countervailing Duty

Canada has historically exported large numbers of swine and volumes of fresh and frozen pork products to the U.S. with minimal trade barriers. However, a substantial increase in imports of Canadian swine in 1983 and 1984 caused concern among U.S. producers, and their lobbying efforts culminated in the imposition of a countervailing duty in April 1985. The objectives of this research are twofold: ? to determine if Canadian swine imports into U.S. markets over the 1982 to 1985 period had a significant effect on U.S. prices, and ? to assess the impact of the countervailing duty on pricing efficiency in the Canadian slaughter hog markets. Several empirical methods have previously been used to analyze pricing relationships in agricultural markets: structural econometric models, univariate time-series models and multivariate time-series models. The vector autoregression (VAR) technique, representing a recent development in multivariate modeling, was chosen here to analyze the study hypotheses. VAR models have received considerable attention for their ability to evaluate the dynamic interrelationships among several time series in one system. The VAR analysis shows that Canadian swine imports into U.S. markets did not have a significant effect on U.S. prices. The results also indicate that pricing efficiency in the Canadian markets declined following enforcement of the countervailing duty. The research findings highlight the interdependence of the two countries and the need for ongoing bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations between them and third-party trading partners. Le Canada exporte depuis longtemps aux États-Unis de grandes quantités de pores sur pied et de produits frais et congelés du porc et les obstacles à ce commerce ont toujours été assez limités. Toutefois, la forte croissance des importations de pore canadien, en 1983 et 1984, a soulevé des inquiétudes parmi les producteurs américains, et les pressions exercées par ces derniers ont abouti, en avril 1985, à ?imposition ?un droit compensatoire. La présente recherche avait un double objectif: 1) déterminer si les importations de porc canadien sur les marchés américains de 1982 à 1985 ont eu un effet sensible sur les prix pratiqués aux États-Unis; 2) évaluer ?incidence du droit compensatoire sur ?efficacité de ?établissement des prix dans le secteur canadien de la production porcine. Plusieurs méthodes empiriques ont déjà été utilisées pour analyser les facteurs intervenant dans la détermination des prix dans les marchés agricoles: modèles économériques structuraux, séries chronologiques univariées et séries chronologiques multivariées. La technique ?autorégression vectorielle (VAR), une méthode de modélisation multivariée récemment mise au point, nous a servi à ?analyse de nos hypothèses de travail. Les modèles VAR ont soulevé énormément ?intérêt à cause de leur aptitude à évaluer les rapports dynamiques qui existent entre plusieurs séries chronologiques dans un système donné. ?analyse VAR a démontré que les importations de pore canadien sur les marchés américains n'ont pas influé de façon significative sur les prix pratiqués aux États-Unis. Nos résultats montrent également que ?eficacité de ?établisement des prix dans les marchés canadiens a diminué par suite de la mise en vigueur du droit compensatoire. Finalement, nos résultats mettent clairement en lumière ?interdépendance du Canada et des État-Unis et la nécessité de poursuivre les négotiations bilatérales et multilatérales entre ces deux pays et leurs partenaires commerciaux.     

Pleasure and arousal in the marketplace: Interpersonal differences in approach-avoidance responses

A theory of individual response to environments is discussed. This theory is extended to apply to consumer responses in the marketplace. An empirical study that tests this theory is described. This study examines individual differences in patronage behaviors and attitudes based on emotional responses to an outdoor retail market. In this study, it was found that a consumer's emotional response to an environment is instrumental in resultant patronage behaviors and attitudes.     

Performance-enhancing internal strategic factors and competencies: Impacts on financial success

The purpose of this study was to examine the internal strategic factors likely to influence company financial performance for service organizations from managers’ perspectives. It provides empirical evidence of the links between the internal strategic factors examined and financial performance of service organizations. Data for this study were collected from middle and upper managers of service companies using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The results of the study suggested that four of the seven critical internal strategic success factors examined had a significant impact on company financial performance. Those factors are sales, R&D and distribution, information technology, and human resources. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship

We  use theory and methods from complexity science to examine dynamic patterns among activities undertaken by nascent entrepreneurs in the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics. We develop hypotheses predicting that certain dynamic patterns in start-up activities will lead to the emergence of new firms when: (1) the rate of start-up activities is high, (2) start-up activities are spread out over time, and (3) start-up activities are concentrated later rather than earlier over time. All three hypotheses are confirmed. The paper concludes with some suggestions for the role of complexity science for furthering insights into the process of organization creation.