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41.
Nicholas M. Kiefer 《Journal of Applied Econometrics》2011,26(2):173-192
Capital allocation decisions are made on the basis of an assessment of creditworthiness. Default is a rare event for most segments of a bank's portfolio and data information can be minimal. Inference about default rates is essential for efficient capital allocation, for risk management and for compliance with the requirements of the Basel II rules on capital standards for banks. Expert information is crucial in inference about defaults. A Bayesian approach is proposed and illustrated using prior distributions assessed from industry experts. A maximum entropy approach is used to represent expert information. The binomial model, most common in applications, is extended to allow correlated defaults yet remain consistent with Basel II. The application shows that probabilistic information can be elicited from experts and econometric methods can be useful even when data information is sparse. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Many medium-size cities suffer from severe traffic congestion and poor accessibility, limiting their potential to improve their economy, environment, and social equity. These problems could be addressed by creating high-quality transit linking such cities with suburban and other catchment areas through use of existing rail lines and abandoned former railway alignments. This concept, termed ‘Swift Rail’, would call for an innovative approach to local railway and transport development. 相似文献
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Nicholas C. Williamson Steven M. Cramer Susan Myrden 《International Trade Journal》2013,27(3):258-300
This article presents methodology for identifying product categories that, if they were made the subjects of a specified state's export promotions, would hold promise for satisfying relevant needs of members of three key “stakeholder” groups regarding the outcomes of the governmentally sponsored export promotions: the World Trade Organization (WTO), managements of non-exporting, small- and- medium-sized (SME) manufacturing concerns, and governmental entities who are responsible for raising funds to support such promotions. Methodology is applied in the context of a state in the United States (North Carolina). The methodology is then applied in the context of a state in the United States (North Carolina). The presentations of the results of the application of the methodology at each of the 2-, 4- and 6-digit HS-coded product category levels are in each case followed by discussions of implications of the results. 相似文献
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Nicholas Apergis Effrosyni Alevizopoulou 《International Advances in Economic Research》2012,18(1):1-14
There exist two main channels of the monetary transmission mechanism: the interest rate and the bank lending channel. This
paper focuses on the latter, which is based on the central bank’s actions that affect loan supply and real spending. The supply
of loans depends on the monetary policy indicator, which, in most studies, is the real short-term interest rate. The question
investigated in this paper is how the operation of the bank lending channel changes when this short-term indicator is allowed
to be endogenously determined by the target rate the central bank sets through a monetary rule. We examine the effect that
a rule has on the bank lending channel in European banking institutions spanning the period 1999–2009. The expectations concerning
inflation and output affect the decision of the central bank for the target rate, which, in turn, affect private sector’s
expectations —commercial banks— by altering their loan supply. 相似文献
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Airports in their urban settings: towards a conceptual model of interfaces in the Australian context
In Australia, airports have emerged as important sub-regional activity centres and now pose challenges for both airport operation and planning in the surrounding urban and regional environment. The changing nature of airports in their metropolitan context and the emergence of new pressures and problems require the introduction of a fresh conceptual framework to assist the better understanding of these complex roles and spatial interactions. The approach draws upon the meta-concept of interfaces of an ‘airport metropolis’ as an organising device consisting of four main domains: economic development, land use, infrastructure, and governance. The paper uses the framework to further discuss airport and regional interactions and highlights the use of sustainability criteria to operationalise the model. The approach aims to move research and practice beyond the traditionally compartmentalised analysis of airport issues and policy-making by highlighting interdependencies between airports and regions. 相似文献
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Abdul Latif Alhassan Nicholas Biekpe 《The South African journal of economics. Suid-afrikaanse tydskrif vir ekonomie》2019,87(1):22-45
This paper examines liquidity creation behaviour in the property‐liability insurance market in South Africa. Using annual data on 76 insurers from 2007 to 2014, the paper employs the three‐stage approach to estimate liquidity creation. The results suggest that property‐liability insurers are characterised by liquidity destruction by transforming liquid assets in cash and investable securities into illiquid reserves liabilities. The findings also indicate that the R1.32 billion in liquid assets were transformed into illiquid reserves liabilities in 2014, an increase from the R700 million liquidity de‐created in 2007. The increases were mainly driven by large insurers which accounted for about 70% liquidity de‐created. The results of panel regression analysis provide evidence in support of the “risk‐absorption” hypothesis which argues that high levels of capital increases liquidity creation. In addition, size, leverage and reinsurance were also identified as the firm‐level factors that explain liquidity creation. The policy implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
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