The Impact of Investment Constraints on Portfolio Performance Measurement: The Power Utility Function Case

This paper examines the effect of investment constraints on performance measurement of institutionally managed funds. Assuming that these funds have a power utility function and using an optimal portfolio choice model, one can show that the Security Market Line remains a valid benchmark for these constrained funds under the perfect market assumption. Relaxing the perfect market assumption, one can prove that a non-stationary constrained investment policy will bias traditional measures of timing ability differently across managers types. Finally, the magnitude of this bias is illustrated with a numerical example.     

The grain trade in northern Europe before 1350

A network of interregional grain routes extended across northern Europe in the century before 1350. With an interlude from c . 1310 to 1330 English grain was shipped to western Norway and the last decades before 1350 witnessed increasing English deliveries to the Netherlands. The most important of these commercial links were the grain routes from Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and Prussia to Norway, England, and the Netherlands established on a regular basis c . 1300. In western Europe the Baltic grain deliveries were an alternative source of supply which affected prices, urbanization, and the profitability of arable farming.     

Regeln der Managervergütung

Die H?he der Managervergütungen widerspricht seit Jahren dem Gerechtigkeitsempfinden gro?er Teile der Bev?lkerung. Insbesondere die Koinzidenz von Millionengeh?ltern und üppigen Bonuszahlungen einerseits, staatlichen Hilfen für Banken, Lohnkürzungen, Kurzarbeit und Stellenabbau andererseits erregt die Gemüter. Die Politik zeigt sich fest entschlossen, den als unangemessen hoch angesehenen Vergütungen einen Riegel vorzuschieben. Wie dieser Riegel ausgestaltet und wo er angesetzt werden sollte, wird nachfolgend diskutiert.     

Trinkwasserversorgung: privat gleich teuer?

The article examines the relationship between the degree of private ownership and the price level in the German drinking water market. In addition to a compact overview of important characteristics of the German drinking water supply and the regulatory framework, the empirical study focuses on the 100 largest communities and is based on a multivariate OLS regression and a fixed effects analysis using annual data for 2009–15. The results do not conclusively indicate a rise in prices due to a higher degree of private ownership. For future surveys, it might be useful to include key economic figures of the respective water supply companies into the analysis.