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991.
Among the current literatures that discuss the influence exerted on residents’ consumption behavior by capital liquidity,
some often independently decide the demarcation point of the liquidity restriction that affects residents’ consumption behavior,
without taking into account when the economy is flourishing whether residents will be influenced by the restriction of the
liquidity that their consumption behaviors can not be fully carried out. We introduce a threshold model which varies according
to the actual GDP and other financial indicators (money supply, average stock index and balance of bank loans) to discuss
residents’ consumption behavior in China under different economic states. The empirical results show that when the economy
flourishes or resuscitates, residents’ income of the same period have not notable influence on their consumption, which suggests
that residents’ consumption behavior does not considerably change according to the fluctuation of the current income, but
conforms with the constant income-life cycle hypothesis. Moreover, two estimated values 0.7504 and 0.8597, as economic boom
measures, all fall in the boom stable stage—basically consists with the early-warning index of the macro-economy boom issued
by National Bureau of Statistics of China. It shows that the macro-economic boom is not notablely influenced by capital liquidity,
so is residents’ consumption behavior. 相似文献
992.
Gabrielle Demange 《Economic Theory》2002,20(1):1-27
Summary. This paper defines and studies optimality in a dynamic stochastic economy with finitely lived agents, and investigates the
optimality properties of an equilibrium with or without sequentially complete markets. Various Pareto optimality concepts
are considered, including interim and ex ante optimality. We show that, at an equilibrium with a productive asset (land) and sequentially complete markets, the intervention
of a government may be justified, but only to improve risk sharing between generations. If markets are incomplete, constrained
interim optimality is investigated in two-period lived OLG economies. We extend the optimality properties of an equilibrium with
land and give conditions under which introducing a pay-as-you-go system at an equilibrium would not lead to any Pareto improvement.
Received: October 5, 1998; revised version: April 3, 2001 相似文献
993.
994.
Trading costs and price discovery 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
The price discovery roles of a set of related markets or securities have been investigated in many different settings where
trading costs effect is often commingled with other trading arrangement factors. In Hong Kong, regular futures and mini futures
contracts as well as their underlying spot asset are all traded on a same electronic trading platform. The trading arrangements
thus provide us with a unique setting where we can isolate the impacts of transaction costs on price discovery. Using Hasbrouck’s (J Finance 50:1175–1199, 1995) information share approach, it is found that in Hong Kong, the regular futures contracts market plays a dominant role in
price discovery while the mini futures and cash index markets play minor roles. The results in this paper provide an unequivocal
support to the trading costs hypothesis. 相似文献
995.
Alex Frino Elvis Jarnecic Hui Zheng 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2010,34(3):313-325
This study investigates the determinants of trading volume in the futures markets and focuses on underlying market characteristics
as an explanation for futures trading volume. Four major futures contracts traded on the Sydney Futures Exchange are investigated:
the stock price index (SPI); the 90-day bank accepted bill (BAB); the 3-year bond; and the 10-year bond. An important outcome
of this study is an identification of the fundamental drivers of trading volume in the futures markets, which have largely
gone undocumented in prior research. We find evidence that futures trading volume is related to underlying market characteristics:
the size of the Australian superannuation fund investments in equities (for the SPI), short term treasury notes (for the BAB),
non-government bonds on issue (for the 3-year contract) and government bonds on issue (for the 10-year contract). 相似文献
996.
Analyst forecast characteristics and the cost of debt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sattar A. Mansi William F. Maxwell Darius P. Miller 《Review of Accounting Studies》2011,16(1):116-142
We examine the relation between analyst forecast characteristics and the cost of debt financing. Consistent with the view
that the information contained in analysts’ forecasts is economically significant across asset classes, we find that analyst
activity reduces bond yield spreads. We also find that the economic impact of analysts is most pronounced when uncertainty
about firm value is highest (that is, when firms have high idiosyncratic risk). Our findings are robust to controls for private
information in equity prices and level of corporate disclosures. Overall, the results indicate that the information contained
in analyst forecasts is valued outside the equity market and provide an additional channel in which better information is
associated with a lower cost of capital. 相似文献
997.
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the time patterns of individual analysts’ relative accuracy ranking in earnings
forecasts using a Markov chain model. Two levels of stochastic persistence are found in analysts’ relative accuracy over time.
Factors underlying analysts’ performance persistence are identified and they include analyst’s length of experience, workload,
and the size and growth rate of firms followed by the analyst. The strength and the composition of these factors are found
to vary markedly in different industries. The findings support the general notion that analysts are heterogeneous in their
accuracy in earnings forecasts and that their superior/inferior performance tends to persist over time. An analysis based
on a refined measure of analysts’ forecast accuracy ranking that strips off firm-specific factors further enhances the empirical
validity of the findings. These findings provide a concrete basis for researchers to further explore why and how analysts
perform differently in the competitive market of investment information services. 相似文献
998.
Wenzhi Chen 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2016,26(3):461-487
Design is a powerful weapon for modern companies so it is important to have excellent designers in the industry. The purpose of this study is to explore the learning problems and the resources that students use to overcome problems in undergraduate industrial design studio courses. A survey with open-type questions was conducted to collect data. Participants in this study were 189 undergraduate industrial design students from three universities, and two coding schema were formulated for analysing the data. The results demonstrated that the most difficult design tasks included concept generation, design presentation, and design research. The learning resources used to solve the learning problems included four categories: people, object, method, and environment. This information will increase the understanding of the learning process of students and provide a reference for teaching and the setting of learning resources in industrial design education. 相似文献
999.
In Germany, we currently see on-going changes in politics and society. More and more people seem to lose faith not only in politics, but also in the mainstream media. Since autumn 2014, the distrust in and suspicion of the news media has reached a new level: the group “Pegida” (Patriotic Europeans against the Islamization of the West) coined the term Lügenpresse (lying press) to illustrate their growing distrust in news media. The term lying press emerged for the first time in 1914 and was regularly used for war propaganda to defame foreign media. In general, the term is not only used by followers of a certain political direction, but in the context of different, especially antidemocratic, political movements (e.?g., during the National Socialist era or during the GDR era in Germany). Since the beginning of the 2000s, however, the concept has been increasingly referred to by right-wing groups (see Heine 2015; Klarmann 2013). Nevertheless, this is not only an issue in Germany, since Pegida has support in other European countries, such as Great Britain and the Netherlands.News media become part of their own coverage as soon as they refer to these developments. Self-discussion or self-coverage can be described as journalistic communication about journalism and means that the media themselves become the object of reporting. Hence, when media use the term lying press, they inevitably refer to themselves. The present study deals with how the media refer to the term lying press and how they reflect upon it. The main question we deal with in our study is how detailed the concept is reflected on and how the media deal with the associated reproach of deliberate misinformation.Drawing on the concept of framing, a content analysis is employed in order to analyze how newspapers report on the term, how they relate it to themselves and how they deal with its implications. The framing approach deals with the emergence, dissemination and alteration of interpretive frames, which are placed on an issue and determine the point of view on this topic. According to Matthes (2014), frames can be understood as a tool to highlight certain information or aspects of a topic while neglecting others. The framing approach deals with the genesis, alteration and effects of frames, which are located at various points in the communication process. In this study, we focus on media frames in the daily newspaper coverage. We rely upon the definition according to Entman (1993) which has been most frequently operationalized so far.We postulate several research questions that deal with the concept of self-coverage and framing. We are, for example, interested in verifying the sections of newspapers in which the term is referred to and if there are differences in how strongly the term is reflected upon. Furthermore, our research interest focuses on how the term is framed, which frames are dominant in the news media and if the frames change over time. We investigated the coverage of the five most widely circulated daily newspapers (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Bild, die Welt, and die tageszeitung) in Germany from October 2014 to October 2015. We discovered 304 articles with 338 statements referring to the term lying press. With a cluster analysis, we extracted four frames.Overall, the term lying press is more strongly reflected on in media sections than in political reporting. In political sections the term is often only mentioned without further contextualization. The four extracted clusters, which can be interpreted as media frames, are termed as follows: demanding author frame, reserved expert frame, external accusation frame, and unreflected author frame.In political sections of newspapers, the two rather undifferentiated frames (external accusation frame with 35% and unreflected author frame with 36%) are dominant. The reserved expert frame (35%) and the unreflected author frame (43%) are the two dominant frames in media sections. Nevertheless, the two most common frames (external accusation frame and unreflected author frame) do not use the term lying press in a critical and reflective way (combined percentage of 60%). The selection of the term as “non-word” of the year did not significantly change the frequency with which the four frames are used within the media.Our results show that the term lying press is used in different ways – but in most cases, there is only little or no elaboration. Frequently, the term is only mentioned without a deeper discussion and classification of the term and its meaning. It sometimes even seems that newspapers use the term ironically as a synonym for themselves instead of the terms media or press. However, the associated trivialization of a term carrying such negative connotations is problematic and could help to establish lying press as an unreflected designation for the media. The media might miss the opportunity to both react decisively to the accusations and to illustrate how important they are in a democratic society. The term must be placed in its historical context and should not be permitted as a flat-rate defamation. Whether the underlying criticism is justified or not, the media should discuss the term and, if possible, invalidate it. In this context, the media must perform their function of practicing criticism – also against themselves. Limitations and future research are discussed at the end of the paper. 相似文献
1000.
Summary. We consider a model of political competition among two ideological parties who are uncertain about the distribution of voters.
The distinguishing feature of the model is that parties can delegate electoral decisions to candidates by nomination. It is
shown that if the credible platform commitments of the candidates is feasible, then at least one of the parties nominates
in equilibrium to a candidate who has an ideology that is more radical than the delegating party's ideology. In a variety
of circumstances, this, in turn, yields a polarization of equilibrium policy choices of the candidates. It is thus argued
formally here that strategic nomination of the candidates may well be one of the major reasons behind the well documented
observation that the platforms associated with the political parties in two-party democracies are often surprisingly polarized.
Received: January 10, 2002; revised version: May 8, 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" We thank Alberto Alesina, Levent Ko?kesen, Antonio Merlo, Ronny Razin, Vijay Krishna, Alessandro Lizzeri, and seminar
participants at Alicante, Columbia, Copenhagen, and NYU for helpful comments. We also thank an anonymous referee for its useful
suggestions. A good fraction of this research was conducted while Ok was a visitor in the Department of Economics at University
of Alicante; he thanks for the kind hospitality of this institution. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from
the Spanish Ministry of Education through grant CICYT BEC2001-0535 (Faulí-Oller) and BEC2001-0980 (Ortu?o-Ortín).
Correspondence to:I. Ortu?o-Ortin 相似文献