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991.
992.
Oliver Schöller-Schwedes 《Journal of Transport Geography》2010,18(1):85-96
In order to reach a sustainable traffic development, the European Union follows the central idea of an integrated transport policy. In contrast to the widely accepted concept, the EU recently had to admit that in fact transport development goes in the opposite direction. This contradiction has to be explained. The article describes the long lasting succession of efforts to implement a far-reaching cooperation in the transport sector as is aspired to by an integrated transport policy. In each case, though, the political idea of cooperation was superseded by the economic one of competition. Therefore, the author argues in favour of a detailed scientific analysis of the necessary political conditions for an integrated transport policy, instead of continuing an untested concept. 相似文献
993.
This paper investigates the different terms of strategic interactions (non-cooperative, simultaneous move): wholesale versus retail pricing—between Bertrand competing retailers and an upstream oligopoly. The crucial extension is that retailers can play a significant role and this can turn conventional wisdom upside down, e.g.: retail competition need not benefit the upstream firms and wholesale pricing can dominate retail pricing in spite of double marginalization because of the incentives it provides to retailers. In addition, the consequences are investigated of differentiating both pricing instruments either at the downstream (this is motivated by Apple’s entry into the ebook market) or at the upstream level. 相似文献
994.
This paper tries to identify a chronology for the Portuguese business cycle and test for the presence of duration dependence in the respective phases of expansion and contraction. A duration-dependent Markov-switching vector autoregressive model is employed in that task. This model is estimated over year-on-year growth rates of a set of relevant economic indicators, namely industrial production, a composite leading indicator and, additionally, civilian employment. The estimated specifications allow us to identify four main periods of contraction during the last three decades and some evidence of positive duration dependence in contractions, but not in expansions, especially when employment is added to the model. 相似文献
995.
996.
Blending the literatures on grit and self-employment, we propose the role of grit in separating the self-employed from the employed. Based on a sample of 13,210 respondents from nine countries, our results indicate that not only is grit related to self-employment, but also grit is more strongly related to self-employment for risk-takers, females, and younger individuals. The findings are robust, controlling for several individual characteristics and alternate specifications, and have implications for the broader literature on self-employment. 相似文献
997.
Rhea?IngramEmail author Steven?J.?Skinner Valerie?A.?Taylor 《Journal of Business Ethics》2005,62(3):237-252
While there is a significant amount of research investigating managerial ethical judgments, a limited amount examines consumer
judgments of unethical corporate behavior and its impact on the marketplace. This study examines how consumers’ commitment
to a company impacts not only their ethical judgment of corporate behavior but also the outcomes of that judgment. The authors
test hypotheses with data from 334 consumers and find that consumers’ level of commitment attenuates the level of perceived
fairness. More specifically, highly committed consumers may forgive companies for behaviors when perceived harm is low, but
become progressively dissatisfied as the level of perceived harm increases. Results of the study point to the importance of
considering ethical behavior from a consumer perspective. If corporate actions are perceived as unethical, the company stands
to lose favor with their most committed customers. Considering that more time, effort and investment is required to gain a
new customer as to retain an old, this study shows that engaging in behavior perceived as unethical by consumers risks alienating
the most committed customers. 相似文献
998.
Born global companies have now been studied for a decade. However, little has been written specifically about the challenges
facing born globals in their branding endeavours. This research examines the branding strategies of 30 Finnish small and medium-sized
born globals. The experience, qualities and global orientation of the founder and the top management team are found important
for the success of the born globals in their branding achievements. A key argument is that business-to-business and business-to-consumer
born globals differ as to their branding strategies and approaches. The analysis reveals a major imperative; branding strategies
are dynamic and depend on the globalisation degree. 相似文献
999.
Prof. Dr. Anton Konrad ist Emeritus der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t München. 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2006,86(1):47-52
In den Stabilit?ts- und Wachstumspakt ist die 3%-Defizitgrenze für den Staatshaushalt vor allem deshalb eingebaut worden,
weil eine zu hohe Beanspruchung des gemeinsamen Kapitalmarktes der Eurozone verhindert werden sollte. Welche Erkenntnisse
lassen sich zur tats?chlichen Inanspruchnahme des Kapitalmarktes aus den Finanzierungssalden der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung
gewinnen? Wie ist bei solch einer Betrachtung das Argument der Generationengerechtigkeit zu beurteilen? Welche Folgen h?tte
gegenw?rtig eine Haushaltskonsolidierung? 相似文献
1000.
Barbara Lippert Deputy Director of the Institut für Europ?ische Politik Berlin and lecturer at Humboldt University Berlin Germany Iris Kempe Senior research fellow Center for Applied Policy Research Munich Germany. Petr Kratochvííl Deputy Director 《Intereconomics》2007,42(4):180-204
The European Neighbourhood Policy aims at creating a ring of stable, friendly
and democratic countries surrounding the European Union. While this aim is generally
accepted across the Union, major differences persist as to how it should be achieved.
Where does the ENP stand today? What is its profile, potential and perspective? 相似文献