The Impact of Career Capital on Expatriates' Perceived Marketability

We examine how the development of three types of career capital (knowing how, knowing whom, and knowing why) during an international assignment affects the perceived marketability of organizational expatriates. Using the perceived marketability perspective and long‐term follow‐up data, we show that knowing how is seen as the most transferable type of career capital, while the development of other aspects of career capital has little impact on perceived marketability. We also show that career capital development is more recognized in the external market than by current employers. Our findings expand our understanding of long‐term career marketability among people who have completed international assignments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Designing a medicalized wellness service: balancing hospitality and hospital features

Medicalized environments around the world are challenged with making trade-offs between the clinical nature of the service and the customer service elements needed to deliver the service. Many medicalized wellness services have yet to achieve an effective balance between their hospitality and hospital features to generate loyalty (repeat patronage). We present a case study of a blood service organization in a developed country that, at the time of data collection (2011), was working to resolve tension between clinical goals and expectations of Millennial donors. The results identified seven principles: ‘control over booking and service interactions’; ‘build social connections’; ‘offer a luxury, indulgent experience’; ‘build relationship with customer beyond the “medical” procedure’. The three remaining principles related to hospital-like features: ‘hide the functional/medical features of the service experience’; ‘demystify the “hidden” processes’; ‘ability for the physical service environment to be modified by the customer’.     

Environmental regulation and profitability: An application to Swedish pulp and paper mills

In this paper we analyze the impact on firm profits of the environmental regulations in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The approach taken is a non-parametric programming model of the technology. A feature of this industry is that environmental regulations are determined individually for each mill. A question, then, is if these individual regulations have a similar impact on firm profits. The approach in this paper allows us to calculate both the regulated and unregulated profits, which means that the severity of the regulations, in terms of foregone profits, can be calculated for each mill. The empirical result shows that the impact on the mills varies substantially, and that the burden from the regulations is less severe in 1990 than in 1989.     

When value co-creation fails: Reasons that lead to value co-destruction

Value co-destruction is a possible outcome of business, public and consumer collaboration. We examine reasons that lead to value co-destruction and when these reasons emerge. Since previous research on the topic is limited, our research approach is abductive qualitative research. The empirical data emerges from 19 semi-structured interviews conducted in seven organizations operating in Finland. Results indicate that value co-destruction emerges due to eight reasons. Our empirically grounded framework for value co-destruction demonstrates when these reasons emerge (before or after the collaboration or interaction) or they are time-independent. Results provide important insights for academics and managers into how value co-creation efforts can have negative outcomes and at what stage each reason is more likely to happen.     

EEC action in regard to consumer safety,particularly in the food sector

The paper discusses trends and actions of the European Economic Community (EEC) in the field of consumer safety. EEC law has no fast principle of consumer safety nor special agencies responsible for it. EEC actions are restricted to specific measures, especially in the area of foodstuffs (additives, colouring agents etc.). EEC law suffers a number of deficiencies. There is — with the exception of pharmaceutical products — no regulation on EEC-wide market withdrawals. Member state safety decisions may be in conflict and put strain on the EEC principle of free movement of goods. Certain directives contain only minimum standards and therefore do not make for common safety regulations in the EEC. There are gaps in the information exchange systems among the EEC and member states even though an EEC decision of 1984 improved the situation. The author goes on to make some suggestions for future action.

---

Gemeinschaftsaktionen zugunsten der Sicherheit des Verbrauchers unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Lebensmittelrechts

Zusammenfassung Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften (EG) haben nur begrenzte Kompetenzen im Bereich der Verbrauchersicherheit. Deshalb ist dem EG-Recht ein allgemeines Prinzip unbekannt, das die Sicherheitsinteressen des Verbrauchers produktunabhängig schützt. Vielmehr geht die EG problembezogen vor; das Einstimmigkeitsprinzip und die fehlende Öffentlichkeit erzwingen eine Beschränkung auf sehr konkrete und sehr spezifische Maßnahmen. Umfängliche Regelungen gibt es vor allem im Bereich von Lebensmitteln, insbes. hinsichtlich von Zusatzstoffen.Das EG-Recht weist eine Reihe von Lücken auf. Es fehlt — bis auf die Ausnahme der Arzneimittel — eine Regelung über den Rückruf von Produkten. Konflikte zwischen dem freien Warenverkehr und mitgliedstaatlichen Schutzinteressen aus Gründen tatsächlicher oder vermeintlicher Verbrauchersicherheit sind an der Tagesordnung. Der Informationsaustausch über Produktrisiken ist unzureichend; eine entsprechende Gemeinschaftsinitative erfaßt nicht freiwillige Maßnahmen.Der Beitrag erörtert schließlich die Möglichkeiten für künftige Gemeinschaftsaktionen.The paper is a slightly changed and updated version of a paper given at a seminar in Paris on 8 November 1983, organized by the Association Française pour le Droit de l'Alimentation and dealing with safety and food.

---

---

Ludwig Krämer works at the EC Commission, Directorate General XI (Environment, Consumer Protection, and Nuclear Safety), 10 rue Guimard, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium. The views expressed in this paper are purely personal.     

VALUATION OF BARRIER OPTIONS VIA A GENERAL SELF‐DUALITY

Classical put–call symmetry relates the price of puts and calls under a suitable dual market transform. One well‐known application is the semistatic hedging of path‐dependent barrier options with European options. This, however, in its classical form requires the price process to observe rather stringent and unrealistic symmetry properties. In this paper, we develop a general self‐duality theorem to develop valuation schemes for barrier options in stochastic volatility models with correlation.     

Young people with intellectual disabilities and sport as a leisure activity: notions from the Finnish welfare society

Although disability sports have recently received positive attention, little concern has been directed towards them in youth research. In this article, we discuss the free-time sports in which youth with intellectual disabilities engage as a part of their leisure and their association with their peers. We maintain that every young person has a principal right to leisure and question what kinds of access youth with intellectual disabilities have to local sports communities in the Finnish context. Our empirical data consist of notes collected during sports training; interviews with young sports participants, their supervisors, and their parents; and online survey responses. Almost all sports are equally accessible to everyone; however, practical engagement in sports is not equally easy for everyone because long distances, lack of transportation, unsuitable sporting occasions and teams, or incapable coaches limit individuals’ participation possibilities. Furthermore, symbolic structures, such as neglectful attitudes, restrict the visibility of youth with intellectual disabilities in leisure sports. In many ways, supporting networks become significant when access to sport is under scrutiny. The most important enabling and restricting factors are families’ symbolic and material capital, as well as the unequal, poorly guided, and occasional leisure possibilities in different localities.     

Evaluating Projects and Assessing Sustainable Development in Imperfect Economies

We are interested in three related questions:(1) How should accounting prices be estimated?(2) How should we evaluate policy change in animperfect economy? (3) How can we check whetherintergenerational well-being will be sustainedalong a projected economic programme? We do notpresume that the economy is convex, nor do weassume that the government optimizes on behalfof its citizens. We show that the same set ofaccounting prices should be used both forpolicy evaluation and for assessing whether ornot intergenerational welfare along a giveneconomic path will be sustained. We also showthat a comprehensive measure of wealth,computed in terms of the accounting prices, canbe used as an index for problems (2) and (3)above. The remainder of the paper is concernedwith rules for estimating the accounting pricesof several specific environmental naturalresources, transacted in a few well knowneconomic institutions.     

Talent or Not? Employee Reactions to Talent Identification

In this article, we examine the effect of talent identification on employee attitudes. Building on social exchange theory, we analyze the association between employees' perceptions about whether or not they have been formally identified as “talent” and the following attitudinal outcomes: commitment to increasing performance demands, building skills, and supporting strategic priorities; identification with the unit and the multinational enterprise; and turnover intentions. Our analyses of 769 managers and professionals in nine Nordic multinational corporations reveal a number of differences between employees who perceive that they have been identified as “talent” and those who either perceive that they have not been identified or do not know whether they have been identified. We found only limited differences between the two latter categories.