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881.
The extraordinary growth of the Irish economy since the mid-1990s—the ‘Celtic Tiger’—has attracted a great deal of interest,
commentary and research. Indeed, many countries look to Ireland as an economic development role model, and it has been suggested
that Ireland might provide key lessons for other EU members as they seek to achieve the objectives set out in the Lisbon Agenda.
Much of the discussion of Ireland’s growth has focused on its possible triggers: the long-term consequences of the late 1980s
fiscal stabilisation, EU structural funds, education, wage moderation and devaluation of the Irish punt. The industrial policy
perspective has highlighted the importance of inflows of foreign direct investment, but a notable absence from the discourse
on the ‘Celtic Tiger’ has been any mention of the role of new business venture creation and entrepreneurship. In this paper
we use unpublished Irish VAT data for the years 1988–2004 to provide the first detailed look at national trends in business
birth and death rates in Ireland over the ‘take-off’ period. We also use sub-national VAT data to shed light on spatial trends
in new venture creation. Our overall conclusions are that new business formation made no detectable contribution to the acceleration
of Ireland’s growth in the late 1990s, although we do find evidence of spatial convergence in per capita business stocks. 相似文献
882.
The Emergence of Individual Knowledge in a Group Setting: Mitigating Cognitive Fallacies 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel E. O’Leary 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2011,20(1):3-18
Research in psychology has found that subjects regularly exhibit a conjunction fallacy in probability judgments. Additional
research has led to the finding of other fallacies in probability judgment, including disjunction and conditional fallacies.
Such analyses of judgments are critical because of the substantial amount of probability judgment done in accounting, business
and organizational settings. However, most previous research has been conducted in the environment of a single decision maker.
Since business and other organizational environments also employ groups, it is important to determine the impact of groups
on such cognitive fallacies. This paper finds that groups substantially mitigate the impact of probability judgment fallacies
among the sample of subjects investigated. The key finding of this paper is the analysis of the apparent manner in which groups
make such decisions. A statistical analysis, based on a binomial distribution, suggests that groups investigated here did
not use consensus. Instead, if any one member of the group has correct knowledge about the probability relationships, then
the group uses that knowledge and does not exhibit fallacy in probability judgment. Having a computational model of the group
decision making process provides a basis for developing computational models that can be used to simulate “mirror worlds”
of reality or model decision making in real world settings. 相似文献
883.
Joint space multidimensional scaling maps are often utilized for positioning analyses and are estimated on survey samples
of consumer preferences, choices, considerations, or intentions so as to provide a concise spatial depiction of the competitive
landscape including relevant dimensions or attributes, competing brands, and consumers in the same joint space representation.
Care has to be given concerning the underlying scale properties of such survey data so as not to distort the resulting joint
space positioning map. We present a new joint space multidimensional scaling procedure for positioning analyses for displaying
the structure in such survey data when such common ordered successive category measurement scales such as Likert, Edwards,
semantic differential, etc., are employed. We present the technical details of this stochastic ordered preference multidimensional
scaling vector model as well as the maximum likelihood estimation-based algorithm devised for parameter estimation. Favorable
comparisons are made with several existent multidimensional scaling methods in representing the internal structure for such
data in marketing positioning studies. An actual commercial positioning application concerning large sports utility vehicles
consideration to buy judgments is presented with predictive validation comparisons with other multidimensional scaling joint
space procedures. 相似文献
884.
We consider the implications of the three pillars of sustainability (environment, economy and social justice) on consumption
in a wealthy country. Building a theoretical model that includes consumers, business, government, the environment, and economic
and political relations between nations, we explore how sustainability should affect the consumption behavior of consumers,
charitable aid to poorer countries, and responsible environmental practices by businesses. Our model enables us to provide
normative implications for consumers, society and business. Importantly, we assume that all stakeholders will optimize their
self-interest, and that altruism will only partly explain behavior consistent with sustainability. Among the more non-obvious
findings are that (1) the poorer the poor countries are, the less the rich countries should consume, (2) the more sensitive
the global political climate is to economic inequity between the rich and poor nations, the less the rich countries should
consume, and (3) if aid to poor countries is effective enough, then the more materialistic the society is, the more charitable
aid it should give. We also confirm a number of more intuitive findings, such as that business should use more green technology
as the taxes on pollution and/or efficiency of green technology increase, and the more resource-intensive consumption is,
the less consumers should consume. Taken as a whole, the findings imply that societal consumption patterns should be sensitive
to aspects of environmental impact and social justice, even if altruistic motivations are absent. 相似文献
885.
Market-focused sustainability: market orientation plus! 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concept of sustainability is increasingly being addressed theoretically by scholars and practically by managers and policymakers.
With this growing focus on sustainability efforts, marketing is in a unique position to elevate its focus from managing relationships
with customers to strategically managing a broader set of marketplace issues. Overall, an organization achieves market-based
sustainability to the extent that it strategically aligns itself with the market-oriented product needs and wants of customers
and the interests of multiple stakeholders concerned about social responsibility issues involving economic, environmental,
and social dimensions. To set the stage for marketing’s inquiry into sustainability efforts, I briefly review the concept
of sustainability, compare it with corporate social responsibility, bring in stakeholders, argue for the notion of “market
orientation plus,” and consider the possibility that the notion of what sustainability encompasses is converging in the marketing
literature. 相似文献
886.
Michael D. Giebelhausen Stacey G. Robinson J. Joseph CroninJr. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(6):889-905
A truism in the marketing literature, and among many marketing practitioners, is that requiring consumers to wait negatively
impacts quality evaluations, purchase intentions and a range of other important outcomes. However, it is also true that consumer
waiting or queuing has historically been considered from an operations perspective. The present research takes a different
approach and examines waits in the context of their ability to function as a signal of quality. Four experiments demonstrate
a required wait can indeed signal quality to consumers and increase, rather than decrease, both purchase intentions and actual
experienced satisfaction. Three moderators of this effect are examined: preexisting knowledge, consumption motivations, and
the extent to which quality is difficult to objectively determine. The results suggest in situations where quality is important,
unknown or ambiguous, managers may increase consumer satisfaction by making consumers wait. 相似文献
887.
Based on empirical studies of firm exchange activities in business markets, this paper outlines a business network view of
the firm-market relationship, which differs fundamentally from the view assumed by neo-classical economic theory. We define
business networks as sets of connected business relationships. Thus business relationships and connections between relationships
are the critical elements in the business network view. It is assumed, as suggested by the Uppsala internationalization process
model, that an interplay between knowledge and commitment development is the mechanism that drives the relationship and network
development process. Against this background the paper discusses how strategic change is analyzed in literature on alliances
and networks. In conclusion the paper presents a set of propositions about strategy-making in business network settings. 相似文献
888.
Donna F. Davis Susan L. Golicic Courtney N. Boerstler 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(3):467-479
Using multiple methods to study a phenomenon is proposed to produce results that are more robust and compelling than single
method studies. This research note investigates the implementation of multiple methods research in marketing. In the main
study, we conducted a content analysis of articles published in five leading marketing journals from 1990 to 2008: Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research,
and Marketing Science. To aid in interpretation of findings from the content analysis, we gathered verbal data from authors of recent multiple
methods studies to gain further insight into the benefits and challenges of conducting and publishing multiple methods research. 相似文献
889.
890.
In The Economics of Rights, Co-operation and Welfare (1986), Robert Sugden follows the tradition from Thomas Schelling and David Lewis in ascribing a central role to the notion
of salience within his theory of convention. However, against this, Bruno Verbeek (Instrumental rationality and moral philosophy,
Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2002) has argued that an empirically adequate notion of salience may not be incorporated into a generic account of convention
without circularity obtains. This paper examines Verbeek’s argument against a background of experimental as well as theoretical
work on coordination problems. It finds that the argument fails to consider at least two candidate theories of salience that
may be incorporated into the theory of convention without circularity: cognitive hierarchy theory that iterates Sugden’s notion
of psychological salience and Schelling salience. Thus, in the end Verbeek’s criticism of the role ascribed to salience in
theories of convention may be dismissed, though its discussion draws a fruitful perspective. 相似文献