The effects of price on household demand for food and calories in poor countries: are our databases giving reliable estimates?

Food price policy relies heavily on estimated price elasticities of food demand to help balance the nutritional and economic objectives in poor countries. Economists use either unit values (ratios of household expenditure to quantity purchased) or community prices (enumerated from vendors in local markets) as proxies for market prices when estimating price elasticities with household survey data. Biases are believed to result from using unit values, due to measurement error and quality effects, but evidence on this issue is lacking and even less is known about community prices. This article provides an empirical evidence from Vietnam, which suggests that economists should exercise caution when estimating price elasticities from household surveys. A 14-food demand system is estimated alternatively with unit values or community prices, and the elasticity of calories with respect to rice prices is calculated. This elasticity is more than twice as large (?0.54 versus ?0.22) when community prices are used rather than unit values. Hence, conclusions about the nutritional effects of rice price increases appear sensitive to data choices made by economists. More generally, this discrepancy suggests that the household survey databases commonly used by economists may not provide reliable estimates.     

Model misspecification analysis for bond options and Markovian hedging strategies

In this paper, we analyse the model misspecification risk of Markovian hedging strategies for discount bond options. We show how to decompose the Profit and Loss that results from model misspecification, and emphasize the importance of the position’s gamma in order to control it. We further provide mathematical results on the distribution of the forward Profit and Loss function for specific univariate term structure models. Finally, we run numerical simulations for options’ hedging strategies in order to examine the sensitivity of the forward Profit and Loss function with respect to the volatility of the forward rate curve, the frequency of the position rebalancing and the characteristics of the position being hedged.      

Cruising in the 21st century: Who works while others play?

The cruise industry is growing in scale and importance annually. Influences such as multiculturalism, globalisation, the increase in numbers of mega-cruise ships and changing passenger demography, suggest that the work environment is not as it might once have been and yet there is very little research to reveal insights into this complex and seemingly unique world. This paper aims to find out what it is like to work and live on a modern cruise ship by examining the views of employees across a number of cruise brands.     

Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment

Using 94 published empirical articles in academic journals as a data base, this paper provides a critical review of the methodology employed in the study of ethical beliefs and behavior of organizational members. The review revealed that full methodological detail was provided in less than one half of the articles. Further, the majority of empirical research articles expressed no concern for the reliability or validity of measures, were characterized by low response rates, used convenience samples, and did not offer a theoretic framework, hypotheses, or a definition of ethics. Several recommendations, including a reviewer rating form addressing methodological decisions and inclusion of methodologists on the review panel, are offered to improve methodological rigor in published ethics research. Donna M. Randall is an Associate Professor in Management and Systems at Washington State University. Her research interests include organizational commitment, media coverage of whitecollar and corporate crime, and ethical issues in management. Her publications have appeared in such journals as Decision Sciences, Academy of Management Review, and Social Science Quarterly.Annetta M. Gibson is a doctoral student in accounting in the Department of Accounting and Business Law at Washington State University. She has a CPA and has worked as an auditor for a number of years. Her research interests include impression management and ethical issues in auditing, accounting, and management.     

ANAYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE PRICING OF AMERICAN BOND AND YIELD OPTIONS1

In this paper we use the Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985b) single-factor, term structure model and extend it to the pricing of American default-free bond puts. We provide a quasi-analytical formula for these option prices based on recently established mathematical results for Bessel bridges, coupled with the optimal stopping time method. We extend our results to another interest rate contingent claim and provide a quasi-analytical solution for American yield option prices which illustrates the flexibility of our framework.     

Subsidiarity: The implications for consumer policy

The gains and losses for consumers as a result of ratification of the Treaty on European Union, agreed at Maastricht in 1992, remain in the balance. Article 129a widens the scope for strengthening EC consumer protection policy. A restrictive interpretation of the subsidiarity principle enshrined in Article 3b may, conversely, narrow the potential for Community action. A EUROBAROMETER opinion survey conducted on behalf of the Commission in March and April 1993 revealed that a narrow majority of EC consumers (49% against 45%) considered that consumer protection policy should be decided by national governments alone. Yet for a large majority of consumers — 67% throughout the Community — the Single Market was perceived as having made little practical impact. These findings suggest a dislocation between consumers' expectations of the Community and their practical experiences of its effects. A dynamic approach to consumer policy, based on Article 129a, is an essential pre-condition to building consumer confidence in the Community's programme of market integration. Subsidiarity can enhance the process by ensuring that EC legislation is the most appropriate means of achieving a high level of consumer protection. This imperative may, however, fall victim to differing perceptions of the national interest and a Euro-sclerosis which stifles initiative.

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Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip: seine Implikationen für die Verbraucherpolitik

Zusammenfassung Vorteile und Nachteile, die der Maastrichter Vertrag von 1992 für die Verbraucher gebracht hat, halten sich in etwa die Waage. Art. 129a erweitert die Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung der EG-weiten Verbraucherpolitik. Andererseits schränkt die Interpretation des Subsidiaritäts-Prinzips, wie sie in Art. 3b enthalten ist, den Spielraum für Gemeinschaftsaktionen ein. Eine europaweite Meinungsumfrage, im März und April 1993 im Auftrage der Kommission durchgeführt, ergab, da\ eine schwache Mehrheit der europäischen Verbraucher (49% gegen 45%) der Ansicht ist, da\ Verbraucherpolitik ausschlie\lich in nationaler Zuständigkeit verbleiben sollte. Allerdings war eine deutlichere Mehrheit (von 67%) der Meinung, da\ der gemeinsame Markt nur geringe praktische Wirkungen gebracht hat. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Diskrepanz hin zwischen den Erwartungen der Verbraucher an die Gemeinschaft einerseits und ihren tatsächlichen Erfahrungen mit den Auswirkungen. Ein dynamischer Ansatz der Verbraucherpolitik, aufbauend auf Art. 129a, ist eine wichtige Vorbedingung für die Bildung von Verbrauchervertrauen in das Gemeinschaftsprogramm der Marktintegration. Das Subsidiaritätsprinzip kann diesen Proze\ beschleunigen, indem es gewährleistet, da\ EG-Rechtssprechung das geeignetste Mittel ist, wenn es um die Erreichung eines möglichst hohen Verbraucherschutzniveaus geht. Diese Forderung könnte jedoch ein Opfer unterschiedlicher Wahrnehmungen von nationalen Interessen und einer lähmenden Euro-Sklerose werden.

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Consumers in the European Community Group (CECG), an umbrella body for 32 UK organisations concerned with the effects of EC policies and proposals on UK consumers.     

Analyzing firms' strategic investment decisions in a real options' framework

Within the context of investment under uncertainty, the real options literature has led to models that capture primarily the time to wait flexibility of monopolistic corporations' investment decision. In this paper, we propose an approach which relies on barrier options to model production and/or sales delocalization flexibility for multinational enterprises making decisions under exchange rate uncertainty. We then extend the model by introducing game theoretic considerations to show how the information set and the competitive structure of the market may lead firms to act strategically and exercise their delocalization options preemptively at an endogenously fixed exchange rate barrier.     

Congressional Memberships as Political Advertising: Evidence from the U.S. Senate

The present article analyzes signaling by elected officials of moderate or centrist legislative behavior from a benefits/costs perspective. To do so, we provide statistical evidence regarding the tendency of senators to join the U.S. Senate Centrist Coalition, a congressional membership organization of moderate legislators. We find that changes in party loyalty, perhaps due to changes in constituent preferences, and U.S. Senate tenure are both important determinants of membership in the Centrist Coalition. Tests also point out that freshman senators are more likely than more senior senators to seek membership as a form of information provision.