The relationship of psychological and situational variables to usage of a second-order marketing system

The study of one type of second-order market, personal sales, indicated that various consumer attitudes and merchandising strategies were related to utilization of this market. Similarities and differences between this market and other second-order markets were also noted.     

FOUR CHARACTERIZATIONS OF CONSTRAINED PARETO EFFICIENCY IN CONTINUUM ECONOMIES WITH WIDESPREAD EXTERNALITIES*

In continuum economies, widespread externalities are those over which each individual has negligible control. Nash-Walrasian equilibria with lump-sum transfers are defined, and their existence proved. They are then characterized by the property of “f-constrained Pareto efficiency” for finite coalitions. More general “private good” Nash-Walrasian equilibria are characterized as private-good constrained-Pareto efficient. Introducing complete Pigou taxes or subsidies leads to equilibria that are characterized by constrained efficiency and f-constrained efficiency for given levels of the widespread externalities. But full efficiency requires resolving the public-good problem of determining those aggregate externalities or, equivalently, of setting appropriate Pigou prices.     

Monte Carlo simulation of macroeconomic risk with a continuum of agents: the symmetric case

Summary. Suppose a large economy with individual risk is modeled by a continuum of pairwise exchangeable random variables (i.i.d., in particular). Then the relevant stochastic process is jointly measurable only in degenerate cases. Yet in Monte Carlo simulation, the average of a large finite draw of the random variables converges almost surely. Several necessary and sufficient conditions for such “Monte Carlo convergence” are given. Also, conditioned on the associated Monte Carlo -algebra, which represents macroeconomic risk, individual agents' random shocks are independent. Furthermore, a converse to one version of the classical law of large numbers is proved. Received: October 29, 2001; revised version: April 24, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Part of this work was done when Yeneng Sun was visiting SITE at Stanford University in July 2001. An early version of some results was included in a presentation to Tom Sargent's macro workshop at Stanford. We are grateful to him and Felix Kübler in particular for their comments. And also to Marcos Lisboa for several discussions with Peter Hammond, during which the basic idea of the paper began to take shape. Correspondence to: P.J. Hammond     

政策论坛：澳大利亚食品杂货业中的竞争问题

在澳大利亚，行业中的竞争问题通常按照1974年颁布的《交易惯例条例（TPA）》来执行。为达此目的，TPA明文禁止：     

中国劳动力市场就业机会的户籍歧视及其变化趋势

文章首先厘清了劳动力市场分割理论与歧视经济学的区别和联系,并将中国劳动力市场上就业机会的户籍不平等现象界定为以农民工平等就业权利受侵害为本质的经济歧视.其次,使用中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)2002年和2007年数据,运用多元logit模型考察了中国劳动力市场上就业机会的户籍歧视状况和变化趋势.实证分析结果显示:(1)与城镇职工相比,农民工在职业获得、行业进入和所有制部门进入三个维度上都遭受了明显的户籍歧视;(2)与2002年相比,2007年就业机会的户籍歧视呈现恶化趋势,显示了经济发展过程中就业机会分配的“负滴漏效应”;(3)农民工人力资本的就业机会回报显著低于城镇职工,这对农民工的人力资本投资决策可能会产生负向激励并导致“前市场歧视”的发生.最后,在理论和实证分析的基础上,文章提出了缓解就业机会户籍歧视的相关政策建议.     

Correlates of first‐brand loyalty

A mail survey of British supermarket customers shows that the factor most strongly associated with claimed brand loyalty is household income Brand loyal customers also claim to spend more, are more concerned about quality and less about price, are slightly more store loyal and make more use of large out‐of‐town stores Brand loyalty is also related to age; those aged under 25 years and 65 + years are less loyal

There is little difference between those who are primarily loyal to store brands and those who are primarily loyal to manufacturer brands, and there is little evidence that store patronage is raised by loyalty to store brands     

Towards a brain-to-society systems model of individual choice

Canonical models of rational choice fail to account for many forms of motivated adaptive behaviors, specifically in domains such as food selections. To describe behavior in such emotion- and reward-laden scenarios, researchers have proposed dual-process models that posit competition between a slower, analytic faculty and a fast, impulsive, emotional faculty. In this paper, we examine the assumptions and limitations of these approaches to modeling motivated choice. We argue that models of this form, though intuitively attractive, are biologically implausible. We describe an approach to motivated choice based on sequential sampling process models that can form a solid theoretical bridge between what is known about brain function and environmental influences upon choice. We further suggest that the complex and dynamic relationships between biology, behavior, and environment affecting choice at the individual level must inform aggregate models of consumer choice. Models using agent-based complex systems may further provide a principled way to relate individual and aggregate consumer choices to the aggregate choices made by businesses and social institutions. We coin the term “brain-to-society systems” choice model for this broad integrative approach.