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31.
Climate change is a global problem and across the world there are major difficulties being experienced in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The transport sector in particular is finding it difficult to reduce CO2 emissions. This paper reports on two studies carried out by the authors in London (UK) and Delhi (India). It considers the common objectives for transport CO2 reduction, but the very different contexts and baselines, potentials for change, and some possible synergies.Different packages of measures are selected and scenarios developed for each context which are consistent with contraction and convergence objectives. CO2 reduction potentials are modelled and quantified by package and scenario. London is considering deep reductions on current transport CO2 emission levels; Delhi is seeking to break the huge projected rise in transport CO2 emissions.The scale of policy intervention required to achieve these goals is huge and there is certainly little public discussion of the magnitude of the changes required. The paper argues for a ‘strategic conversation’ at the city level, using scenario analysis, to discuss the priorities for intervention in delivering low carbon transport futures. A greater focus is required in developing participatory approaches to decision making, alongside network investments, urban planning, low emission vehicles and wider initiatives. Aspirations towards equitable target emissions may assist in setting sufficiently demanding targets. Only then is a wider awareness and ownership of potential carbon efficient transport futures likely to take place. 相似文献
32.
Kevin S. Murphy Robin B. DiPietro Gerald Kock Jumyong Lee 《International Journal of Hospitality Management》2011
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between mandatory food safety training and certification and inspection results of chain restaurants and independent restaurants, using current food safety inspection results of food service establishments in Central Florida. More specifically, this study examines whether there is any statistically significant difference in the violation frequency among chain and independent restaurants. Reducing the risk of any foodborne illness is a critical strategy that industry stakeholders should pursue in an area dominated by tourism such as Orlando, Florida. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the differences between the two types of restaurants. Findings indicate that there is significant difference between chain and independent restaurants for critical violations. No difference was found when comparing chain verses independent restaurants for non-critical violations. 相似文献
33.
Robin Pope Reinhard Selten Johannes Kaiser Sebastian Kube Jürgen von Hagen 《International Economics and Economic Policy》2012,9(1):13-51
Economists’ faith that variable exchange rates benevolently equilibrate has been empirically disconfirmed. That faith is here tackled at its theoretical core with an exchange rate model that although ultra abstract, includes the undeniable fundamentals of market power and differential goals of central bankers and large-scale private players. It permits a game theoretic analysis under the assumption that all agents maximize their payoffs. The paper then relaxes
the assumption of maximising agents, allowing for a more complex and thus realistic second version of the model that is interpretable
within SKAT, the Stages of Knowledge Ahead Theory of risk and uncertainty. In an experimental setting, this second version
of the model points to: a) the inability of agents in central banks, governments and the private real and financial sectors
to operate in maximising ways; b) destructive central bank conflict; and c) the widely discrepant outcomes arising from the
dynamics of individual personality differences. The paper’s theoretical and empirical findings thus both point to the merits
of a single world currency. 相似文献
34.
Most studies that examine tourism impacts and community attitudes have been carried out from the perspective of industrialized economies, making the findings less valid for small islands. This paper discusses some pertinent issues in relation to tourism development and community attitudes in small islands, and it develops and presents a conceptual framework based on social exchange theory and identity theory. The different facets of identity relevant to small-island communities that are likely to influence attitudes and support for tourism are incorporated in the framework and discussed. These include occupational identity, environmental identity and gender identity. Based on these, five propositions are developed. The study concludes that inclusion of identity variables in behavioral models could increase their predictive power in explaining attitudes to tourism and consequent support for the industry. 相似文献
35.
Coulson N. Edward Leichenko Robin M. 《The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics》2001,23(1):113-124
Designation of historic properties and historic districts is increasingly used as a means to revive central-city neighborhoods and to promote urban economic development. While preservation activities are thought to generate positive externalities for surrounding neighborhoods, these external effects have been difficult to quantify. Using a database of tax-appraisal records for residential properties in Abilene, Texas, this study demonstrates that there are significant, positive externalities associated with historic designation. We perform simple cost-benefit calculations and find that the internal and external benefits more than outweigh the (nonzero) costs associated with historical designation. Moreover, from the city of Abilene's perspective the property-tax incentives provided to historic reinvestment are outweighed by the added property-tax revenue created by the increased value. 相似文献
36.
37.
Donald P. Robin D.B.A. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1978,6(3):228-238
The debate over the nature and scope of marketing is far from settled, but the desire for change among marketers is apparent.
It is urgent that marketers determine what the scope of their field should become as a necessary first step in developing
an adequate definition. The effort so far has been somewhat haphazard with a variety of authors-extolling the virtues of their
viewpoint. This article represents an attempt to add order to the search for a useful scope for marketing. To achieve this
purpose, four norms are developed which seem suitable for testing the scope and definition of marketing. They include the
level of abstraction norm, the norm of correspondence, the pragmatic norm, and the norm of simplicity. These four norms are
first used to test two extreme positions and then to test a third compromise definition of marketing. 相似文献
38.
39.
Wakefield MK 《Nursing economic$》2000,18(4):214-5, 218
With health care surfacing in political campaigns across the country and referencing virtually every one of the policy topics discussed here, nurses have an important opportunity to share their views regarding both policy substance as well as engage in the political arena. For those nurses not yet ready to run for elective office, participating in grassroots efforts of campaigns, on advisory panels, and making financial contributions to preferred candidates are important opportunities not to be missed. Given the interest in and challenges ahead associated with health care broadly and nursing specifically, there is a great deal at stake. 相似文献
40.