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Founded on an interpretation that is rooted in localities andtheir communities, we offer a move from the inevitability ofuneven development. Analysis of past and present theory is framedin terms of decision-making. It is argued that externaldecisions may constrain localities in their development, whilereflecting the agendas of outside agents, corporations and otherorganisations. A dual approach to development is suggested,that would work in the shadow of the Washington and/or post-WashingtonConsensus to build a learning process of democratic engagement,and move towards redressing the decision-making balance in favourof localities. Examples from South Africa and Nicaragua illustrateour arguments. 相似文献
986.
A firm chooses the production speed and amount of labor that maximizes profit in a perfectly competitive market. Faster production raises management expenses and the unit cost of production mistakes. Adding workers enhances the division of labor on the production line and raises work‐in‐process inventory. When the division of labor is high, a rise in the wage can increase the optimal production speed and quantity of output. When price falls, optimal production speed and optimal division of labor can move in opposite directions. Output quantity can also rise, generating a downward sloping supply curve in the absence of increasing returns to scale. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
987.
Most corporate finance practitioners understand the trade-off involved in making effective use of debt capacity while safeguarding the firm's ability to execute its business strategy without disruption. But quantifying that trade-off to arrive at an optimal level of debt can be a complicated and challenging task. This paper develops a simulation model of capital structure that starts by generating multiple estimates of market rates (LIBOR, currency rates) and corresponding company operating cash flows. To arrive at an optimal capital structure, the model then incorporates the shareholder value effects of alternative financing decisions by directly measuring the costs of financial distress, including the costs of missed investment opportunities and higher working capital requirements.
The model generates both a target credit rating and a lower fallback rating that permits a higher level of debt to maintain investments and dividends when operating cash flows are weak. As the model shows, companies with volatile cash flows and significant investment opportunities can add substantial shareholder value by establishing a fallback credit rating that is one or two notches below the target rating. The model also optimizes the mix of fixed versus floating debt, the maturity structure, and the currency composition. Another distinctive feature of the model is its ability to estimate the expected cost of alternative liability structures that can provide the liquidity insurance necessary to sustain the firm through periods of severe stress. This cost turns out to be quite small relative to the total market capitalization of the average firm. 相似文献
The model generates both a target credit rating and a lower fallback rating that permits a higher level of debt to maintain investments and dividends when operating cash flows are weak. As the model shows, companies with volatile cash flows and significant investment opportunities can add substantial shareholder value by establishing a fallback credit rating that is one or two notches below the target rating. The model also optimizes the mix of fixed versus floating debt, the maturity structure, and the currency composition. Another distinctive feature of the model is its ability to estimate the expected cost of alternative liability structures that can provide the liquidity insurance necessary to sustain the firm through periods of severe stress. This cost turns out to be quite small relative to the total market capitalization of the average firm. 相似文献
988.
Earnings Surprise "Materiality" as Measured by Stock Returns 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
William Kinney David Burgstahler & Roger Martin 《Journal of Accounting Research》2002,40(5):1297-1329
Ranked earnings surprise portfolios formed from First Call files for 1992–97 are used to assess the annual earnings surprise magnitude for an individual firm sufficient to expect a "significant market reaction." We find that, for an individual firm, the maximum probability of a gain from trading on prior knowledge of any surprise magnitude is .622. The lack of probable trading gains is due to the S–shaped surprise/return relation and the large variance of returns for a given magnitude of surprise. In turn, we find that the S–shape is related empirically to the dispersion of analyst forecasts. Thus, factors underlying dispersion differences are related to the importance or "materiality" of earnings surprise as measured by stock returns and explain at least part of the S–shaped surprise/return relation. 相似文献
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世界各地的经济体都在经历经济滑坡,企业正在寻求削减开支、改善收支状况的良方.虽然信息技术(IT)在企业的成本基数中所占的比例通常较小,但企业高管们仍不可避免地会将他们的注意力转向IT预算,对其进行大幅削减. 相似文献