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71.
A variety of experimental and empirical research indicate that prosocial behavior is important for economic success. There are two sources of prosocial behavior: incentives and preferences. The latter, the willingness of individuals to “do their bit” for the group, we refer to as internalization, because we view it as something that a group can influence by appropriate investment. This implies that there is a trade-off between using incentives and internalization to encourage prosocial behavior. By examining this trade-off we shed light on the connection between social norms observed inside the laboratory and those observed outside in the field. For example, we show that a higher value of cooperation outside the laboratory may lower the use of incentives inside the laboratory even as it increases their usage outside. As an application we show that the model calibrated to experimental data makes reasonable out-of-sample quantitative forecasts. 相似文献
72.
Invasions by non-indigenous plant species pose serious economic threats to Australian agricultural industries. When a new
invader is identified a rapid response is critical, particularly if the invasive species has the ability to spread rapidly.
An early decision is required whether to attempt to eradicate or contain the infestation, or do nothing and leave it to landholders
to manage. These decisions should be based on economic considerations that account for long term benefits and costs. This
paper describes a bioeconomic simulation framework with a mathematical model representing weed spread linked to a dynamic
programming model to provide a means of determining the economically optimal weed management strategies over time, from the
government’s perspective. The modelling framework is used to evaluate hypothetical case study invasive weed control scenarios
in the Australian cropping systems. The benefit–cost ratios of invasion control are shown to be generally very high and clearly,
there are significant benefits to be achieved by controlling highly invasive weeds when initial infestations are at a low
level. Even if the invasion cannot be eradicated due to its high invasiveness or budget constraints, it still pays to maintain
invasions at low levels. 相似文献
73.
Various procedures have been used for the measurement of firm-specific technical efficiency. Most commonly used methods are static and deterministic. Deterministic methods tend to yield biased estimates of technical efficiency and to overestimate the variability of technical efficiency over time. These conclusions are illustrated by applying stochastic frontier production function analysis and corrected ordinary least squares procedures to farm data from Sri Lanka. 相似文献
74.
Aggarwal Raj Chaudhry Mukesh Christie-David Rohan Koch Timothy W. 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2001,16(4):345-368
This study examines the responses of three popular futures interest-rate spreads--the MOB (Municipals over Treasury bonds), the NOB (Notes over Treasury bonds), and the TED (Treasury Bills over Eurodollars) to macroeconomic news. We find responses to differ across the three spreads. The most pronounced responses are displayed by the MOB, followed by the NOB and the TED. We also find that the spreads take time to adjust to news in the announcements. 相似文献
75.
Culture, openness, and finance 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Differences in culture, proxied by differences in religion and language, cannot be ignored when examining why investor protection differs across countries. We show that a country's principal religion predicts the cross-sectional variation in creditor rights better than a country's natural openness to international trade, its language, its income per capita, or the origin of its legal system. Catholic countries protect the rights of creditors less well than Protestant countries. A country's natural openness to international trade mitigates the influence of religion on creditor rights. Culture proxies are also helpful in understanding how investor rights are enforced across countries. 相似文献
76.
Measuring the economic importance of exchange rate exposure 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper re-examines the nature and the economic significance of the exchange rate to firm value relation using a database of non-financial firms from over 18 countries. Our main contribution is to apply a portfolio approach to investigate the economic importance of exposure. We find that firms with high international sales outperform those with no international sales during periods of large currency depreciations by 0.72% per month, whereas they underperform by 1.10% per month during periods of large currency appreciations. In contrast to the previous literature, our evidence shows that exchange rate movements can have an economically significant impact on firm value. 相似文献
77.
78.
Between 1929 and 1933 the Australian federal system of conciliation and arbitration came under economic and political strain. This article reveals that arbitration proved to be an adaptable industrial relations framework for dealing with economic depression. While the monetary entitlements of workers were reduced, the legal instrumentality that conferred the wage cuts, the Arbitration Court, itself defied abolition and evolved to be a protective body. There was a subtle and previously unremarked interaction in the regulatory functions of the High Court, the Arbitration Court, and the Commonwealth Parliament characterised by the purposeful abstention of the High Court and Scullin Government and the activism of the Arbitration Court. 相似文献
79.
The SPS Agreement and the related WTO dispute settlement mechanism are an important first step in strengthening the global trade architecture, bringing in greater transparency and orderly conditions to world food trade. However, implementation of the new trade rules has turned out to be a more complex task than the traditional market access issues handled by the WTO. Several factors, including inadequate financial and technical resources, have constrained devel‐oping countries from becoming effective participants in the implementation process, and there is widespread suspicion that SPS regulations are being used as hidden protectionist devices by developed countries. However, despite all the problems, some developing countries have been quite successful in penetrating developed country food markets; they have done so by accepting the consumer preferences and standards in quality‐sensitive high‐income markets and implementing domestic supply‐side measures. While making full use of available international assistance initiatives, developing countries should view the task of complying with SPS standards not just as a barrier but also as an opportunity to upgrade quality standards and market sophistication in the food export sector. 相似文献
80.
The effects of domestic macroeconomic news releases on futures on the British Pound (BP), Canadian Dollar (CD), Deutsche Mark (DM), Japanese Yen (JY), and Swiss Franc (SF) are examined. The results show that all five futures respond to the release of macroeconomic news, especially the first set of news releases issued at 7:30 a.m. (CST). Results of tests that identify the effects of individual announcements suggest that news in the Employment Report, the Trade Deficit, Industrial Production, and Capacity Utilization affects all five futures. Other announcements do not have such widespread effects. Volatility increases following the announcements persist for some time. Such increases are not uniform across the five instruments. For instance, following the 7:30-a.m. announcements, for the JY, BP, and SF, higher variance is observed for 30 min. However, for the DM and CD, the increase is 45 and 15 min, respectively. 相似文献