Good News,Bad News,Volatility, and Betas

We investigate the conditional covariances of stock returns using bivariate exponential ARCH (EGARCH) models. These models allow market volatility, portfolio-specific volatility, and beta to respond asymmetrically to positive and negative market and portfolio returns, i.e., “leverage” effects. Using monthly data, we find strong evidence of conditional heteroskedasticity in both market and non-market components of returns, and weaker evidence of time-varying conditional betas. Surprisingly while leverage effects appear strong in the market component of volatility, they are absent in conditional betas and weak and/or inconsistent in nonmarket sources of risk.     

Accounting for a brewery at Louisbourg*

Abstract. This paper examines three accounting documents that have been preserved from records kept for a brewery built at Louisbourg, Canada, in 1759. As one of the earliest examples of English accounting in Canada, these documents provide insight into 18th century business practices in the North American colonies. Considering accounting texts of the period and documents preserved from businesses in the thirteen colonies, the study concludes that the statements prepared for the brewery were sophisticated in comparison to the accounting practices of this era. Résumé. Les auteurs examinent trois documents comptables tirés des registres d'une brasserie établie à Louisbourg, au Canada, en 1759. Ces documents, parmi les plus anciens spécimens de comptabilité anglaise au Canada, nous renseignent sur les méthodes comptables des colonies nord-américaines du XVIII^e siècle. Compte tenu des ouvrages comptables du temps et des documents produits par les entreprises des treize colonies et qui ont été conservés, les auteurs concluent que les états dressés pour la brasserie sont d'une complexité qui tranche sur les méthodes comptables de l'époque.     

On the Origins of Risk‐Taking in Financial Markets

Financial investment behavior is highly correlated between parents and their children. Using Swedish data, we find that the decision of adoptees to hold equities is associated with the behavior of both biological and adoptive parents, implying a role for both genetic and environmental influences. However, we find that nurture has a stronger influence on the share of financial assets invested in equities and on portfolio volatility, suggesting that financial risk‐taking is substantially environmentally determined. The parental investment variables substantially increase the explanatory power of cross‐sectional regressions and so may play an important role in understanding cross‐sectional heterogeneity in investment behavior.     

A Model of Arbitral Decision Making: Facts,Weights, and Decision Elements

This study provides a structural model of arbitral decision making that depicts arbitrators as deciding cases by ascertaining the facts, attaching weights to the facts, and combining the facts and weights to form decision elements that determine their decisions. The model further posits that arbitrators’ biographical characteristics affect their decisions by influencing their fact finding and weight assignments. It also allows for arbitrators’ characteristics to have a direct impact on their decisions. A test of the model indicates that the decision elements determine the arbitrators’ decisions but the arbitrators’ characteristics have a limited impact.     

Diet Choice and the Role of Time Preference

Economic theory related to time preference and health may be useful as a means of understanding the predictors of diet choice. The willingness to subvert present for future utility is hypothesized to influence the process of sacrificing time, flavor, convenience, and price in order to choose a healthful diet. Empirical results confirm the unique importance of variables related to rate of future discounting versus variables associated with market or cultural factors.     

Recognition v. Disclosure, Auditor Tolerance for Misstatement, and the Reliability of Stock-Compensation and Lease Information

We examine whether information in footnotes might lack reliability because auditors permit more misstatement in disclosed, as opposed to recognized, amounts. In both the stock‐compensation and lease settings, audit partners require greater correction of misstatements in recognized amounts than in the equivalent disclosed amounts. Debriefing questions indicate that the partners make these decisions knowingly, even though they expect greater client resistance to correcting recognized amounts, because they view recognized amounts as more material. Partners also spend more time on correction decisions for recognized information. While prior literature suggests that amounts are often relegated to footnotes because they are less reliable, our results suggest that the actual choice to disclose versus recognize can also reduce information reliability. These results have implications for the interpretation of prior research on the reliability of recognized and disclosed numbers, for financial‐accounting standard setters who may want to consider the reliability effects of their recognition versus disclosure decisions, and for auditing standard setters who may wish to clarify auditors' responsibilities for preventing misstatements in disclosed amounts.     

ALCOHOL ADVERTISING IN MAGAZINES: DO BEER,WINE, AND SPIRITS ADS TARGET YOUTH?

In 2003, the alcohol beverage industry spent more than $1.6 billion on advertising, including $394 million on ads in magazines. Critics allege that these activities target adolescents. This article examines count data for alcohol ads placed in 28 magazines in 2001–03. Specifying a demand function for advertising space, regressions are estimated that are conditioned on magazine characteristics and readership demographics, including the percent of youth in the audience. The explanatory variables include real prices of advertisements and audience size. Results indicate significant effects for price, audience size, and adult demographics, but fail to support claims that advertisers target youth. ( JEL L82, L66, M37)     

The Frequency of Consumer Expenditure: An Empirical Analysis

How does the observed pattern of household purchases vary, as we extend or shorten the period of observation? An empirical analysis of data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey, Interview Survey, from 1987–1989, reveals that there is considerable heterogeneity across disaggregate goods and across households in the frequency of expenditure. Issues of data quality and of the implications of the period of observation for Tobit analysis are also discussed.