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41.
When estimating finance panel regressions, it is common practice to adjust standard errors for correlation either across firms or across time. These procedures are valid only if the residuals are correlated either across time or across firms, but not across both. This paper shows that it is very easy to calculate standard errors that are robust to simultaneous correlation along two dimensions, such as firms and time. The covariance estimator is equal to the estimator that clusters by firm, plus the estimator that clusters by time, minus the usual heteroskedasticity-robust ordinary least squares (OLS) covariance matrix. Any statistical package with a clustering command can be used to easily calculate these standard errors. 相似文献
42.
Samuel R. Raisanen 《Applied economics letters》2016,23(8):566-570
When state appropriations decrease, public universities respond by raising tuition. Students borrow more in response to both tuition increases and appropriation cuts. This article investigates the feedback of how borrowing and tuition influence state appropriations. Using a panel data set of 450 four-year public universities from 1999 to 2012, we employ three-stage least squares techniques to control for the endogeneity between state appropriations, tuition and student borrowing. There is evidence that state policy-makers respond to increases in university tuition and student borrowing by decreasing future appropriation levels. After controlling for the effect of appropriations on tuition and borrowing, a one-dollar increase in student borrowing reduces state appropriations per student by $0.06, and a one-dollar increase in tuition results in a decrease of $0.45 in state appropriations per student. When universities increase tuition for reasons other than a reduction in state appropriations, policy-makers respond with a significant cut in future appropriations which could signal an incentive strategy. 相似文献
43.
Samuel Rutz 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2013,13(2):255-272
The question whether optimal competition policy depends on the size of an economy has recently received considerable attention. In particular it has been argued that markets in small economies are often highly concentrated and protected by substantial entry barriers. Market forces may therefore not be strong enough to correct inefficient economic behaviour, i.e. inefficiencies may endure in small economies. This paper applies the theory of small economies and competition policy to the case of Switzerland. It finds that Switzerland cannot be rated as the prototype of a small economy as pertaining to competition policy. It further assesses whether the Swiss Cartel Act accounts for the potential efficiency problems of small economies and reveals that there is scope for a more efficiency enhancing legal competition framework within Switzerland. 相似文献
44.
This paper investigates the relationships between basic needs and economic growth where the interactions between output, health, nutrition and education are explicitly simultaneous. We find a unidirectional relationship that improving basic welfare contributes strongly to labour productivity change, but a clear reverse causation only from growth to nutrition. There are substantial differences in the patterns of simultaneous interactions at different income and welfare levels. There are strong self‐reinforcing effects of literacy and debt service on poverty, making it difficult for poor countries to rectify their situation. Channelling resources towards improving health, education and nutrition could bring dramatic economic returns. 相似文献
45.
Samuel R. Dastrup Joshua Graff Zivin Dora L. Costa Matthew E. Kahn 《European Economic Review》2012,56(5):961-973
This study uses a large sample of homes in the San Diego area and Sacramento, California area to provide some of the first capitalization estimates of the sales value of homes with solar panels relative to comparable homes without solar panels. Although the residential solar home market continues to grow, there is little direct evidence on the market capitalization effect. Using both hedonics and a repeat sales index approach we find that solar panels are capitalized at roughly a 3.5% premium. This premium is larger in communities with a greater share of college graduates and of registered Prius hybrid vehicles. 相似文献
46.
This article describes the application of decision rules from financial portfolio theory to the evaluation of product lines. The focus is on the risk/return implications of an “add” decision to the total portfolio versus the individual product. Multiple criteria approaches that aid product line evaluations are also presented. 相似文献
47.
Samuel Hayes 《21世纪商业评论》2006,(3):16-17
授人以渔,非授人以鱼早在哈佛商学院刚刚创建初期,还是一个很小的学院时,我们就开始在商学院里采用法学院所用的案例教学的方法,也是从那时候开始,案例教学慢慢发展成为商学院教育的主流方法。在哈佛商学院的案例课程里,教授们都要求学生在课前认真研读布置的案例,并进行分 相似文献
48.
49.
Howard?MoskowitzEmail author Dorit?Cohen Bert?Krieger Samuel?Rabino 《Journal of Financial Services Marketing》2001,6(2):172-189
This paper presents a new approach to the optimisation of direct mail offers. Conjoint measurement will be used to identify two aspects of an offer: the degree of interest; and the speed at which an individual processes the information. The approach allows the marketer to create offers that are simultaneously attractive to customers and easy to understand. The approach is illustrated by a credit card case study. 相似文献
50.
Samuel M. Makinda 《Futures》2007,39(8):973-985
Africa's poverty partly stems from the lack of strong scientific, technological and knowledge bases. The abundance of natural resources on the continent has been of limited value to the African people because they do not have the tools with which to turn their resources into consumable wealth. To rectify this situation, African policy makers would have to undertake various measures. First, they need to define the type of knowledge their countries require. Second, they ought to establish conditions for nurturing strategic leaders who will, in turn, seek the right forms of knowledge to tackle Africa's problems. Third, policy makers need to build the political and legal frameworks that encourage the absorption and application of scientific innovations. Fourth, African leaders ought to revamp the universities, establish regional research centres, and take capacity building more seriously. It is these measures that will facilitate Africa's meaningful participation in global knowledge flows. Above all, knowledge creation should aim at attaining human welfare, participatory democracy, peace building and socio-economic justice. 相似文献