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71.
To analyze the effectiveness of punishment in inducing regulatory compliance, we modify a standard public goods experiment to include a financial penalty for free riding. The design allows us to vary both punishment probability and severity. We introduce the punishment mechanism in both a one-time and a repeated treatment and find that compliance (contributing to the public good) is increasing in expected punishment cost in both treatments. We also find that punishment severity has a larger effect on behavior than punishment probability. In the repeated treatment, we find that past punishment has a negative rather than positive effect on compliance. 相似文献
72.
73.
The growing reliance on volunteers in Australia has heightened the need for non‐profit organisations to retain these valuable resources. However, the current literature on volunteer retention is limited. One potential way volunteers can be retained is by providing learning and development opportunities (LDOs). This study investigates the relationship between volunteer perceptions of LDOs, their motivations for volunteering, and retention. Analyses revealed significant main effects for LDOs and volunteer motivations on retention and several interactive effects demonstrating that LDOs can have differential effects on retention depending on the reasons for volunteering. 相似文献
74.
文中主要论述了第三方仓储物流企业三大类共四种不同类型的盈利模式,包括空间仓储服务模式、增值服务模式和基于供需管理平台的服务模式,其中基于供需管理平台的服务模式可分为作为初级阶段管理增值模式和高级阶段的供需网控模式。文中最后还提出了模式转换的建议措施。认为,前两种模式是过去和当前第三方仓储物流企业的主要盈利模式,后两种模式则代表着企业未来的发展方向。 相似文献
75.
Sarah Parlane 《Economic Theory》2001,17(3):619-639
This paper characterizes the optimal and efficient mechanisms to allocate simultaneously two substitute tasks to two suppliers.
Two main results emerge from this analysis. First, even under some regularity conditions efficiency and optimality do not
systematically coincide. Efficiency can always be achieved using some second price auctions which are optimal when both suppliers
compete for the same task. When there is competition for different tasks the optimal production is distorted from efficiency
over a nondegenerate interval of types so as to extract the full surplus over that interval. Second, full extraction of the
surplus may still guarantee incentive compatibility.
Received: November 2, 1998; revised version: March 2, 2000 相似文献
76.
This article tests the view (derived from Hicks and Patinkin)that non-market clearance may be caused by slow adjustment (processrigidity). There are models where market-rationing ispresent and derives from some form of rigidity, but this rigiditycannot be considered as process rigidity. It is similarly possibleto accommodate the idea of process rigidity within the Marshallianresearch programme. What is missing is that market-rationingmight be its corollary. The reason such a causal link is oftenbelieved to exist lies in a generic use of the concept of rigidity,used to designate alternative and incompatible phenomena: exogenousend-state rigidity and equilibrium end-state rigidity,as well as process rigidity. It is true that these first twoforms of rigidity create market rationing. The belief that slowadjustment also generates market rationing results from theunwarranted extension to process rigidity of conclusions whichare only valid for the first two. 相似文献
77.
Maria?Da?Concei??o?Sampaio?De?SousaEmail author Borko?Sto?i? 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》2005,24(2):157-181
In this paper we estimate the DEA technical efficiency for 4796 Brazilian municipalities, by applying a recently proposed
“Jackstrap” method, which combines Bootstrap and Jackknife resampling techniques, to reduce the effect of outliers and possible
errors in the data set. We perform calculations to identify and eliminate high leverage municipalities, using different variants
of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), as well as Free Disposal Hull (FDH). Corroborating previous results, efficiency results
for the Brazilian municipalities show a clear relationship between the size of the municipality and its efficiency scores.
Indeed, under both DEA variants, smaller cities tend to be less efficient than larger ones hence indicating that the quality
of the frontier adjustment improves significantly as the size of the municipality increases. We present arguments that may
explain to some extent these findings, such as economies of scale and the excess spending due to revenue from royalties. However,
such effects require further, more careful examination. 相似文献
78.
煤发热量含义及其相互关系 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
指出煤的发热量是一项重要指标。重点介绍不同燃烧状态,不同基准的发热量的含义及其相互关系。 相似文献
79.
Extending economic accounts with sets of social and environmental indicators is a first step towards a more integrated analysis of aspects of sustainability problems. In this article, therefore, a proposal is made to nest social and environmental indicators into an existing economic accounting framework. The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is taken as a basis, because of its flexibility regarding extensions with non-monetary data addressing social and environmental concerns. The main thrust of the paper is methodological. From the discussion of methodological issues and the application to the SAM for Bolivia for the year 1989, it is concluded that it is, in principle, feasible and relatively simple to extend the SAM with the two sets of indicators. However, additional data will have to be collected to be able to address, more adequately, the problems of sustainability. 相似文献
80.
Sarah L. Jack 《Journal of Management Studies》2005,42(6):1233-1259
abstract A characteristic of studies seeking to explain the structure and operation of networks is the use of Granovetter's strong and weak tie hypothesis. Whilst this hypothesis has become an established paradigm, questions and disagreements arise over its applicability at demonstrating the real use and value of each tie. This study extends the work of Granovetter. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach to explore in‐depth the networking activities of fourteen respondents, it aims to enhance understanding about the role of ties, how they are used and activated for business activity. Findings demonstrate that it is strong ties that are instrumental for business activity and used extensively to provide knowledge and information but also to maintain, extend and enhance business and personal reputations. Unless activities require their reactivation and manifestation, strong ties remain latent and dormant within the network. Strong ties also provide the mechanism to invoke ‘weak’ ties, represented by nodes operating in a wider social context. 相似文献