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101.
As ceilings on foreign shareholdings are withdrawn during liberalization, multinationals enter through fully owned subsidiaries that compete with their own joint ventures, unless local partners permit them to raise their stakes. In a framework of quantity competition, this paper demonstrates that an entry threat is more credible when joint venture investment is reversible, the units are independently managed and the local stake is high. Further, profitability of horizontal merger between the units encourages a share reallocation, while its absence favours a new subsidiary. Under irreversible investment, the threat is less credible and both share reallocations or new subsidiaries are less likely. 相似文献
102.
Nabamita Dutta Deepraj Mukherjee Sanjukta Roy 《International Review of Applied Economics》2015,29(3):259-286
While past studies had conflicting conclusions regarding the impact of foreign aid on growth and development of a nation, recent studies have tried to delve deeper into the question, ‘what makes aid work?’ (see, Dutta, Leeson, and Williamson, 2013; Burnside and Dollar, 2000, 2004; Svensson, 1999). This paper tests how political stability (vis-à-vis political instability) affects the relationship between domestic investment and foreign aid. Applying dynamic panel estimators, our results show that political stability affects aid’s effectiveness on domestic capital formation. The paper considers alternative measures of political stability (vis-à-vis instability), focusing on the political characteristics of a system that have the potential to make a nation stable. Political stability affects policy selection by the government positively and, thus, public resources such as foreign aid are put to the desired use. The estimated marginal impacts show that foreign aid enhances domestic investment in the presence of a stable political climate, but there is a diminishing return to aid. 相似文献
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A stochastic cellular automata model of new product diffusion is proposed. It is found that the growth for a given market potential can be determined by a parameter that quantifies chance preferences of individuals for the product and can be estimated from field surveys. It is also found that the “takeover time” in a given seed region is almost independent of the number of innovators. The results suggest possible strategies for the successful introduction of a new product. 相似文献
106.
By employing the vector error correction model (VECM) in a system of seven equations, we find that the Japanese stock market is cointegrated with a group of six macroeconomic variables. The signs of the long-term elasticity coefficients of the macroeconomic variables on stock prices generally support the hypothesized equilibrium relations. Our findings are robust to different combinations of macroeconomic variables in six-dimension systems and two subperiods. Also, the VECM consistently outperforms the vector autoregressive model in forecasting ability. 相似文献
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This study attempts to examine the inter-occupational differences in the patterns of cash and in-kind expenditure in rural India on the basis of a special tabulation of The National Sample Survey (NSS), 18th round (February 1963-January 1964) consumer expenditure data. The occupational groups considered here are (i) cultivators, (ii) agricultural labourers, (iii) other agriculture, and (iv) non-agricultural occupations. The analysis is carried out primarily in terms of curves relating item-specific cash/kind expenditure to total cash/total kind expenditure for fifteen selected item-groups of expenditure. For each item-occupation combination, four two-parameter forms of Engel curve together with the log-log-inverse form are estimated and the comparisons across occupation groups are made separately on the basis of each of the two-parameter curve forms which were found to give the best fit for at least one occupation group as well as the log-log-inverse form, using analysis of covariance technique. The results indicate that so far as the cash components of item expenditures are concerned, the pattern of expenditure is considerably influenced by occupational factors. It is observed that cultivators have a cash expenditure pattern different from those of agrictural labourers and of households with non-agricultural activities. The comparison of the kind expenditure patterns does not, however, reflect any clear picture primarily because in most cases the itemwise kind expenditure functions could not be estimated satisfactorily. This analysis also suggests that the specification of itemwise cash and kind expenditure functions employed here may not be the most satisfactory ones in an economy with a high degree of non-monetization and therefore alternative specifications need be examined. 相似文献
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We explain the rationale for share adjustment in an international joint venture (JV) and opening up of a wholly owned subsidiary by the foreign JV partner. If the cost difference between the JV and other firms is small, the foreign firm opens a wholly owned subsidiary and completely sells-out its shares in its previously formed JV. If the cost difference is intermediate (large), the foreign firm adjusts (increases) its shareholding in the JV and opens (does not open) a competing subsidiary. JV instability may be the outcome of a friendly separation. There may also be situations with no share adjustment. 相似文献