The increased use of trade controls by the industrial countries

The increase in non-tariff barriers to trade in the industrial countries has given rise to much concern. This article attempts to summarize the formal non-tariff measures that have been introduced by the industrial countries to measure roughly how much trade is now affected by them.     

Emerging Innovation in Emerging Economies: Can Institutional Reforms Help Russia Break Through Its Historical Barriers?

This article investigates Russia's historical and current innovation initiatives through the lens of institutional theory, utilizing the triple‐helix innovation model, which we have extended to include the context of Russian culture. The Russian government has embarked upon a national innovation policy and has committed billions of dollars with the goal of developing a knowledge‐based economy to enhance participation in the global arena, while simultaneously diversifying away from energy and natural resources. Historically, Russia has typically not succeeded with innovation beyond the idea, and sometimes product development, stages. Our primary conclusion is that the inadequacy of formal and informal institutional support has created historical barriers in Russia, some of which are currently being addressed to develop an innovation ecosystem encompassing a more supportive institutional infrastructure. The article concludes with implications for US firms and universities involved with innovation activities in Russia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Sustainable development of forest resources in industrialized countries

There is no general consensus about what sustainable development means. We seek to clarify the meaning and utility of the concept by focusing on forest resources in countries possessing higher levels of per capita incomes. The meaning of sustainable development becomes complex when one asks what social goals are being pursued, what types of stability are permitted, whether amenities and commodities should receive equal consideration, and to what landbase the concept should be applied. A simulation/linear programming model of California's private forest resource is used to demonstrate that strict decade-to-decade ‘even-flow’ stability of production may result in lower aggregate levels of output over a prolonged planning period, with ending levels of the stock resource that are scarcely greater than when output is permitted to vary over the planning period. The model was also used to show that greater levels of output and ending stocks are possible when the land base for sustainability assessment is not a restrictively small geographical area or a single class of ownership. In the case of National Forests and other public lands, the application of the sustainable development concept is significantly more complex because of the importance of amenity values and because of the inherent conflict between development and the preservation of ecosystems in a pristine state.     

A STUDY OF RETAILER AWARENESS IN THE MARKETING OF BEEF IN ALBERTA*

Opinions about beef retailing were obtained from meat retailers in the province of Alberta. The study revealed that meat retailers do not have adequate consumer information and do not recognize the importance of such information to their operations. Furthermore, the study indicated that the retailer is basically conservative in his attitude to change and innovation and that meat retailing is production, not marketing, oriented. This study disclosed that the most important problem currently facing beef retailers is related to the present grading system. The present grade standards encourage the production of overfat carcasses. Overfinished carcasses are the primary cause of low net retail margins. Irregularity of supplies and the need for consumer education are also cited as problems of beef retailing. On a fait un sondage des opinions auprès des détaillants de viande dans la Province de ?Alberta sur la vente en détail du boeuf. ?étude a révélé que les détaillants de viande n'ont pas de renseignements consommateurs adéquats, et qu'ils ne reconnaissent pas ?importance de tels rensei nements dans leurs opérations. En plus, ?etude a indiqué que le détaillanl est foncièrement conservateur dans son attitude en ce qui concerne les changements el ?innovalion; et que la vente en dètail de la viande est orientèe vers la production et non pas vers le marchè. ?étude a révélé que le problème le plus crucial que recontrent couramment les détaillants de bouuf est en rapport direct avec le système actuel de classement. Les standards de classement actuels encouragent la production de carcasses sur-graissée. Ces carcasses sont la source principale de has bénéfices nets dans la vente en détail. On aborde également les problèmes de ?irregularité de la marchandise et de besoin ?éducation du consommateur dans la vente en détail du boeuf     

IS MARKET‐ORIENTED REFORM PRODUCING A ‘TWO‐TRACK’ EUROPE? EVIDENCE FROM ELECTRICITY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ABSTRACT: The European Commission has formally recognized that adequate provision of basic household services, including energy, communications, water and transport, is key to ensuring equity, social cohesion and solidarity. Yet little research has been done on the impact of the reform of these services in this regard. This article offers an innovative way to explore such questions by analyzing and contrasting stated and revealed preferences on citizen satisfaction with and expenditure on two services, telecommunications and electricity, in two large countries, Spain and the UK. We find evidence that in telecommunications, but not in electricity, reform has led to a ‘two‐track’ Europe, where citizens who are elderly, not working or the less‐educated behave differently in the market, with the result that they are less satisfied with these services than their younger, working, better‐educated, counterparts.     

The role of customer satisfaction in enhancing customer loyalty in Malaysian Islamic banks

This study examines the role of customer satisfaction in enhancing the loyalty of Muslim and non-Muslim customers in the Malaysian Islamic banking industry. Respondents are the customers (Muslim and non-Muslim customers) visiting the bank counters and have an account with Islamic banks. A total of 660 questionnaires were distributed, and 440 were returned. The results indicate that customer satisfaction has a statistically significant positive effect on customer loyalty and intentions to switch for Muslim and non-Muslim customers. However, there were significant differences in the effects of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and intention to switch for Muslim and non-Muslim customers. The effect of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty and intention to switch is greater for the non-Muslim than the Muslim customers.     

Attitudinal Barriers to Women's Career Progression in Accounting in Australia

The literature on women's career progression in the professions has suggested a number of categories of factors that may explain the observed gender differences. This study uses data from a survey of Australian accountants to show the extent of differences between male and female accountants in their attitudes towards their careers. There are some differences between the genders in their ideas about requirements for promotion (although these are generally small) and in aspects of job satisfaction. Males aged more than 30 have higher levels of ambition and place more emphasis on career planning than do females over 30.     

The application of development economics: general principles and context specificity

The purpose of this paper is to consider the application ofdevelopment economics at the methodological level. In particular,given the shortcomings of both the modernist and postmodernistapproaches to development policy, we consider an alternativeapproach, drawing on critical realism, which combines the benefitsof generality with the benefits of attention to specificityof context. The approach is illustrated by showing how principlesin development economics addressing issues of globalisationand peripherality can serve to illuminate some of the causaltendencies at work in a developed economy such as Scotland.