全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2787篇 |
免费 | 144篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 327篇 |
工业经济 | 95篇 |
计划管理 | 635篇 |
经济学 | 864篇 |
综合类 | 7篇 |
运输经济 | 83篇 |
旅游经济 | 70篇 |
贸易经济 | 659篇 |
农业经济 | 88篇 |
经济概况 | 97篇 |
邮电经济 | 6篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 63篇 |
2022年 | 43篇 |
2021年 | 66篇 |
2020年 | 118篇 |
2019年 | 132篇 |
2018年 | 204篇 |
2017年 | 264篇 |
2016年 | 205篇 |
2015年 | 111篇 |
2014年 | 141篇 |
2013年 | 606篇 |
2012年 | 151篇 |
2011年 | 110篇 |
2010年 | 129篇 |
2009年 | 99篇 |
2008年 | 85篇 |
2007年 | 92篇 |
2006年 | 56篇 |
2005年 | 51篇 |
2004年 | 36篇 |
2003年 | 32篇 |
2002年 | 28篇 |
2001年 | 25篇 |
2000年 | 22篇 |
1999年 | 16篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2931条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Roberto Rodríguez-Ibeas 《Spanish Economic Review》2006,8(4):271-283
We consider a standard probabilistic model of random monitoring to analyze the interactions between a firm and a monitoring agency in the presence of “green” consumers when compliance payoffs are contingent on monitoring and monitoring costs are shared by the monitoring agency and the firm. When the amount paid by the firms if monitored is exogenously fixed, we find that full compliance is implemented with a finite fine. If there is an upper bound for the fine and the regulator determines endogenously the fine and the amount paid by the firms if monitored, we find that full compliance is also achieved, although the optimal fine is now set at its maximum level. The optimal amount paid by the firms if monitored is lower than the environmental premium the compliant firm gets.The author thanks two anonymous referees for their useful comments and suggestions 相似文献
22.
Fiscal stabilizations: When do they work and why 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Silvia Ardagna 《European Economic Review》2004,48(5):1047-1074
This paper studies the determinants and channels through which fiscal contractions influence the dynamics of the debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP growth. Using data from a panel of OECD countries, the paper shows that the success of fiscal adjustments in decreasing the debt-to-GDP ratio depends on the size of the fiscal contraction and less on its composition. The rate of growth of output matters too, but higher GDP growth does not drive the success of a fiscal stabilization. In contrast, whether a fiscal adjustment is expansionary depends largely on the composition of the fiscal maneuvre. In particular, stabilizations implemented by cutting public spending lead to higher GDP growth rates. The effects of the composition on growth work mostly through the labor market rather than through agents’ expectations of future fiscal policy. Finally, the evidence suggests that successful and expansionary fiscal contractions are not the result of accompanying expansionary monetary policy or exchange rate devaluations. 相似文献
23.
José Ramón Cancelo Estefanía Mourelle 《International Advances in Economic Research》2005,11(2):135-147
This paper applies smooth transition models to capture the nonlinear behavior in the imports data of six major European economies and to assess whether such nonlinearities are related to business cycle asymmetries. Two classes of switch between regimes are considered: endogenously determined transition that assumes nonlinearities are generated by idiosyncratic components specific to foreign trade, and exogenous transition based on GDP growth as a more direct indicator of the cyclical state of the economy. The results support the proposition that the dynamics of imports are nonlinear. In Belgium, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, regimes change over the business cycle, while in Germany and Italy the switch between regimes is endogenous. National characteristics play a role in defining the position of extreme regimes, the smoothness of the transition, and local dynamics within each state.Previous versions of this article have been presented at the 57th International Atlantic Economic Conference (Lisbon, Portugal, March 10–14, 2004) and at the VII Encuentro de Economía Aplicada (Vigo, Spain, June 3–5, 2004). The authors thank the conference participants and an anonymous referee for their comments. 相似文献
24.
25.
Juan Carlos Bárcena-ruiz María Begoña Garzón 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2003,24(2):121-139
The purpose of this paper is tostudy how the choice of environmental standardsby governments is affected by the existence ofwage incomes when firms locations areendogenous. In developed countries labor isunionized, which allows positive wage incomesto arise. Thus, each government has incentivesto persuade firms to locate in its countrysince social welfare depends on suchincomes. But, as pollution damages theenvironment, each government will only try toattract polluting firms to thecountry, to obtain the wage incomes, whenthe valuation of environmental damage showsthat it is low. 相似文献
26.
In this paper we examine a number of issues that arise in investigating labor force dynamics using the Spanish Labor Force
Survey (EPA). These issues are by no means specific to the Spanish case and apply to most European-style labor force surveys.
Our main conclusions may be summarized as follows. First, survey nonresponse cannot be neglected. Second, the EPA tends to
underestimate employment and participation of high-educated young people, and to overestimate those of the low-educated elderly.
Finally, we find little evidence that attrition causes important selection biases in estimating quarterly transition probabilities. 相似文献
27.
The impressive and spontaneous build-up of the private small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic in 1990–93 coincided with the similarly dramatic changes in the public administration and in the whole environment for decision-making. The resulting problems of SMEs in the Czech Republic seem to be common to all economies in transition. A lot of the problems are caused by the macroeconomic policy for which this sector is not the most important part of the national economy. The paper shows some conflicts between macroeconomic anti-inflationary (monetary and fiscal) policies, and interests of small businesses. The authors stress the importance of SMEs during the period of transition. Informal aspects of the functioning of small firms are discussed, especially their relation with banks and public administration. The paper offers some empirical evidence and available statistics on SMEs developments during 1990–94 focusing particularly on manufacturing. 相似文献
28.
Jennifer Alonso-García María del Carmen Boado-Penas Pierre Devolder 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2018,2018(2):85-108
The notional defined contribution model combines pay-as-you-go financing and a defined contribution pension formula. This paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which liquidity and solvency indicators are affected by fluctuations in economic and demographic conditions and to explore the introduction of an automatic balancing mechanism (ABM) into the pension scheme. We demonstrate that the introduction of an ABM reduces the volatility of the buffer fund and that, in most cases, the automatic mechanism that re-establishes solvency produces the highest value of the risk-adjusted notional factor. 相似文献
29.
Alfredo Martín-Oliver 《Journal of Financial Services Research》2018,54(2):207-241
This paper models the banking competition in loan and deposit markets on two levels. We measure the competition among different banks and among banks and non-bank financing and saving alternatives. We estimate a model of demand, cost, and market equilibrium equations for differentiated products by using data from the confidential reports that Spanish banks provide to the Bank of Spain during the period from 1988 to 2003. This database contains information on the effective interest rates on new loans and deposits, and the expected loan losses obtained from the Spanish Credit Register. The estimated price elasticities show that the products offered by different banks are close substitutes, which puts pressure on the banks’ profits margins. However, the substitutability between bank and non-bank products is much lower than the substitutability among products offered by different banks. The results also show that Spain’s entrance into the Eurozone did not cause a structural change in the demand and cost conditions of Spanish banks. The banks financed most of the imbalances between bank loans and domestic deposits before the crisis through the interbank market. 相似文献
30.
Board of Directors and CSR in Banking: The Moderating Role of Bank Regulation and Investor Protection Strength 下载免费PDF全文
Isabel‐María García‐Sánchez Jennifer Martínez‐Ferrero Emma García‐Meca 《Australian Accounting Review》2018,28(3):428-445
This paper brings together research on boards of directors as the backbone of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in the banking industry. The underlying idea is that some characteristics of bank boards, in particular independence and gender diversity, may impact the CSR commitments of banks. By making use of a sample of 159 banks in nine countries during the period 2004–2010, our empirical evidence suggests that banks with more independent directors and more female members on their boards incline toward socially responsible behaviour. Our results also suggest that institutional factors play a significant role in these effects. They show that in greater regulatory and stronger investor protection environments, board independence and gender diversity have more influence on the social behaviour of banks. 相似文献