Commodity trade and factor mobility as imperfect substitutes

Zusammenfassung Warenhandel und Faktormobilit?t als unvollkommene Substitute. — Das allgemeine Thema dieses Aufsatzes ist das Problem, wie gegebene Eingriffe in den Warenverkehr und die Faktorbewegungen zwischen Staaten am besten ausgeglichen werden k?nnen. Die erste Frage, die ausführlich untersucht wird, ist die, ob eine gegebene Beschr?nkung des Warenverkehrs durch Beeinflussung der internen Allokation von Kapital oder Arbeit kompensiert werden kann. Zweitens wird gefragt, ob die Verluste, die durch Beschr?nkungen der internationalen Faktorbewegungen verursacht werden, ganz oder teilweise durch Interventionen auf den heimischen Warenm?rkten ausgeglichen werden k?nnen. Dabei wird von einem globalen Standpunkt ausgegangen in dem Sinne, daΒ das Wohlfahrtsniveau eines Landes konstant gehalten wird, w?hrend das des anderen maximiert wird. Die beweglichen Faktoren, die einzeln untersucht werden, sind Kapital und Arbeit. Abschnitt I behandelt in einem Zwei-L?nder-Modell den Fall, daΒ nur das Kapital international freizügig ist. Dabei zeigt sich, daΒ die internationale Freizügigkeit des Kapitals ein unvollkommenes Substitut für Handel ist, wenn dieser behindert wird. Es zeigt sich ferner, daβ die Allokation verbessert werden kann, wenn eine Steuer auf die Verwendung von Kapital in dem mit Importen konkurrierenden Sektor des zollerhebenden Landes eingeführt wird. Abschnitt II untersucht den Fall, in dem auch die Arbeitskr?fte freizügig sind und entwickelt eine Regel für optimale Eingriffe in die Allokation des Faktors Arbeit. Abschnitt III behandelt die umgekehrte Situation, in der Eingriffe in die internationale Freizügigkeit von Kapital und Arbeit als gegeben angenommen werden und zeigt, daβ nun die heimische Beeinflussung des Warenmarktes eine effiziente Remedur ist. Aus diesen F?llen ergibt sich eine Art Symmetrie: Wird an der Grenze der Warenverkehr behindert, dann ist das angemessene Mittel die Beeinflussung der heimischen Faktorallokation. Richtet sich die Behinderung gegen die internationalen Faktorbewegungen, dann sind geeignete Gegenmaβnahmen auf den heimischen Güterm?rkten anzusetzen.

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Résumé Le commerce de biens et la mobilité de facteurs comme des substituts imparfaits. — Le problème général de cet article consiste à trouver comment le monde peut compenser parfaitement des interférences données concernant le flux de biens ou de services de facteurs entre des pays. La première question considerée en détail est si une restriction donnée sur le commerce peut être améliorée par une interférence dans l’allocation interne ou de capital ou de main d’oeuvre. La deuxième question est si on peut compenser, partiellement ou totalement, la perte subie par les mouvements de facteurs internationaux restreints en intervenant dans des marchés de biens locaux. Le point de vue pris est celui du monde au sens que nous tenons le niveau de welfare d’un pays constant pendant que maximiser le niveau de welfare de l’autre pays. Les facteurs mobiles qui doivent être considérés individuellement sont le capital et la main d’oeuvre. La section I considère le cas dans lequel seulement le capital se meut internationalement dans un monde de deux-pays. Elle montre que le mouvement libre du capital est un substitut imparfait pour de commerce s’il y a quelques interférences dans le dernier. En outre on peut montrer que l’allocation peut être améliorée par une taxe imposée sur l’emploi de capital dans le secteur du pays imposant le tarif, qui se trouve en concurrence avec les importations. La section II examine le cas où aussi la main d’oeuvre est mobile et elle développe une règle pour une optimale interférence locale dans l’allocation de main d’oeuvre. La section III retourne la situation en prenant des interférences données dans le mouvement international du capital et de la main d’oeuvre, et elle montre que maintenant l’interférence locale dans le marché pour des biens est le remède efficace. Sortant de ces cas on peut conclure une sorte de symétrie: Si l’interférence donnée à la frontière se rapporte au mouvement de biens puis le remède approprié est l’intervention dans l’allocation locale de facteurs. Si la barrière s’élève contre le flux international de facteurs, puis le remède approprié est l’intervention dans le marché interne de biens.

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Resumen Comercio de bienes y movilidad de factores como sustitutos imperfectos. — El problema general de este ensayo es cómo el mundo puede compensar en mejor forma las interferencias en el flujo de bienes o de servicios de factores entre países. La primera pregunta que se considera en detalle se refiere a si una restrictión dada sobre el comercio se puede mejorar por medio de interferencias en la alocación interna de capital o de trabajo. La segunda pregunta se refiere a si uno puede compensar, en parte o completamente, la pérdida incurrida debido a restricciones al movimiento internacional de factores por medio de la interventión en el mercado doméstico de bienes. El punto de vista que se toma es el del mundo, en el sentido que el nivel de bienestar de un paiŚ se mantiene constante mientras el del otro se maximiza. Los factores móviles que se consideran individualmente son capital y trabajo. La sección I considera el caso en que solamente el capital se mueve internacionalmente en un mundo de dos países. Se muestra que el movimiento libre de capital es un sustituto imperfecto para el comercio cuando hay interferencias en el último. Se muestra adicionalmente, que la alocación se puede mejorar por medio de un impuesto a la utilizatión de capital en el sector competitivo con importaciones en el país que impone las tarifas aduaneras. La sección II examina el caso en que también el factor trabajo es móvil y se desarrolla una regla para la interferencia óptima en la alocación del factor trabajo. La sectión III invierte la situatión considerando interferencias dadas en el movimiento internacional de capital y trabajo y muestra que la interferencia doméstica en el mercado de bienes es ahora el remedio eficiente. De estos casos emerge una especie de simetría: cuando la interferencia dada en el límite ocurre en el mercado de bienes, entonces el remedio apropriado es la interferencia en la alocación doméstica de factores. Cuando la barrera es en contra del flujo internacional de factores, entonces la contramedida aporpiada se refiere al mercado interno de bienes.

     

Metaphors and the Application of a Corporate Code of Ethics

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