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151.
Drawing from harmonized surveys of firms around the world, we compare employers' responses with actual labor legislation. Employers' concerns about labor regulations are closely related to the relative stringency of labor laws. Medium and large firms, as well as innovating firms, are those most negatively affected by onerous labor regulations. 相似文献
152.
M&A transactions expose both the bidder and target shareholders to a number of major risks both prior to the close of the deal and during the post‐close integration phase. The main pre‐closing risk is the possibility that fl uctuations of bidder and target stock prices will affect the terms of the deal and reduce the likelihood the deal closes. After the closing, a major risk for bidder shareholders is the failure of the target to perform up to expectations, thus resulting in overpayment. This article describes a number of tools that can be used to manage such risks, using a number of examples to illustrate the structure and pricing of such tools. In the case of pre‐closing risks, offers with “collars” can protect target company shareholders from a drop in bidder company share prices while at the same protecting acquirers from excessive dilution. Post‐closing instruments such as earn‐outs and contingent value rights can be used to manage the risk of substandard performance and the overpayment that would result from underperformance. 相似文献
153.
Stefano Fiori 《Constitutional Political Economy》2006,17(1):49-61
Hayek opposes the explanation of the emergence of institutions as “spontaneous (unintentional) order”, which he considers correct, against “constructivism” (viewed as erroneous). This dichotomy exhibits some inconsistencies, for, on Hayek’s account, constructivist ideologies seem able both to prevent the evolutionary emergence of norms and to generate institutions coherent with deliberate, intentional, purposes. If this is so, are there then two views on the emergence of institutions in Hayek’s theory? The paper consequently discusses whether constructivism and evolution of norms are two alternative kinds of explanation, and in particular whether the former can be interpreted in evolutionary terms. 相似文献
154.
In a model driven by a multidimensional local diffusion, we study the behavior of the implied volatility \({\sigma}\) and its derivatives with respect to log-strike \(k\) and maturity \(T\) near expiry and at the money. We recover explicit limits of the derivatives \({\partial_{T}^{q}} \partial_{k}^{m} \sigma\) for \((T,x-k)\) approaching the origin within the parabolic region \(|x-k|\leq\lambda\sqrt{T}\), with \(x\) denoting the spot log-price of the underlying asset and where \(\lambda\) is a positive and arbitrarily large constant. Such limits yield the exact Taylor formula for the implied volatility within the parabola \(|x-k|\leq\lambda\sqrt{T}\). In order to include important models of interest in mathematical finance, e.g. Heston, CEV, SABR, the analysis is carried out under the weak assumption that the infinitesimal generator of the diffusion is only locally elliptic. 相似文献
155.
Most trade models featuring heterogeneous firms assume a Pareto productivity distribution, on the basis that it provides a reasonable representation of the data and because of its analytical tractability. However, recent work shows that the characteristics of the productivity distribution crucially affect the estimated gains from trade. This paper thoroughly compares the gains from trade obtained under three different productivity distributions (Pareto, lognormal, and Weibull) and investigates their policy implications. We find that both the magnitude of the welfare gains and the relative importance of the fixed versus variable trade costs change significantly. Hence, relying blindly on a single distribution is dangerous when performing trade policy analysis. 相似文献
156.
This article discusses methodological issues related to language in advertising research. We introduce a framework that distinguishes between cross-linguistic research settings, where several languages are used in the study and different samples of respondents are studied in their own language, and multilingual research settings, where only a single language is used and multilingual respondents are studied either in their native or nonnative language. We review key principles that govern cross-linguistic and multilingual effects in advertising research to formulate guidelines for research design and data analysis. In the cross-linguistic context, these principles address nonuniform cross-linguistic differences in responses (related to nonequivalence of individual questionnaire items) versus uniform response effects (related to nonequivalence of verbal response category labels). In the multilingual context, we bring together evidence that shows how—even when comprehension is not a problem—stimuli, questions, and response categories may be processed differently in respondents' native versus nonnative language. 相似文献
157.
Stefano Gatti Stefanie Kleimeier William Megginson Alessandro Steffanoni 《Financial Management》2013,42(1):1-40
Using a sample of 4,122 project finance loans worth $769 billion arranged from 1991 to 2005, we demonstrate that certification by prestigious lead arranging banks creates economic value by reducing overall loan spreads compared to loans arranged by less prestigious arrangers. Banks participating in these loan syndicates, rather than the project sponsors, pay for this certification. They do so by allowing top tier arrangers to keep larger fractions of the upfront arranging fees. Results are robust to the correction for the endogenous choice of loans by prestigious arrangers and indicate that certification is even more valuable during periods of extreme financial stress. 相似文献
158.
Of the several debates that revolve around the work of the economic historian and political economist Karl Polanyi, one that continues to exercise minds concerns his analysis of, and political attitudes toward, post-war capitalism and the welfare state. Simplified a little, it is a debate with two sides. To borrow Iván Szelényi's terms, one side constructs a ‘hard’ Karl Polanyi, the other a ‘soft’ one. The former advocated a socialist mixed economy dominated by redistributive mechanisms. He was a radical socialist for whom the market should never be the dominant mechanism of economic coordination. His ‘soft’ alter ego insisted that the market system remain essentially intact but be complemented by redistributive mechanisms. The ‘double movement’ – the central thesis of his ‘Great Transformation’ – acts, in this reading, as a self-correcting mechanism that moderates the excesses of market fundamentalism; its author was positioned within the social-democratic mainstream for which the only realistic desirable goal is a regulated form of capitalism. In terms of textual evidence there is much to be said for both interpretations. In this article I suggest a different approach, one that focuses upon the meaning of Polanyi's concepts in relation to their socio-political and intellectual environment. 相似文献
159.
Stefano Bianchini Francesco Lissoni Michele Pezzoni 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2016,25(7):668-691
We investigate the effect of both research and consulting on teaching quality in higher education, at the individual level. We propose a theoretical model in which academics allocate effort between the three activities, over a two period time horizon, under the assumption of positive spillovers from research to both consulting opportunities and teaching, and of life-cycle effects on incentives. Propositions from the model are tested against data from a mid-sized Italian engineering faculty. We find that teaching quality is negatively related to consulting and positively related to research experience. However, both relationships are not linear, due to the importance of several mediating factors, such as seniority and the role of scientific publications as a signal for attracting consulting opportunities. 相似文献
160.
We find evidence that public start-up incentives promote self-employment. This public policy seems to affect more women than men. 相似文献