注册税务师制度演进及其变迁的经济学思考

注册税务师制度是完善税收监管机制的重要基础,我国注册税务师制度主要靠政府的强制性变迁推动,但制度需求和供给不足,没有形成安全、经济的制度安排和制度结构,不利于税收综合监管.从制度经济学角度,分析注册税务师制度供求、制度环境、制度安排及变迁,并提出完善我国注册税务师制度的建议.     

我国需求侧资源促进大规模间歇可再生能源并网消纳模式

通过需求侧资源促进可再生能源并网消纳,能够降低系统对传统燃煤备用机组和输电线路扩容的需求,具有显著的经济、环保效益。为了促进需求侧资源的合理开发和利用,服务于促进整个电力系统中可再生能源的消纳,文章首先分析了我国间歇可再生能源并网消纳传统模式及存在的问题;然后,构建了面向需求侧资源业主、电网企业和发电企业三个市场主体,涉及长期规划、短期运行和需求侧资源促进可再生能源并网消纳贡献度评价的我国需求侧资源促进间歇可再生能源并网消纳的“三横三纵”模式;最后,研判我国促进间歇可再生能源并网消纳的需求侧资源关键技术。     

基于共词分析的我国技术创新政策结构关系研究

对2000-2010年间中央和地方具有代表性的技术创新政策进行了关键词提取,以关键词共现为基础,利用UCINET软件对共词网络进行了分析。基于中心性分析和小团体分析,得到了我国技术创新政策的整体结构,并总结了中央和地方政策的内在关系。     

中国环境税改革问题研究

开征环境税是我国现实国情下加强环境保护和应对气候变化的重要经济手段,也是我国"十二五"期间完善税制的重要内容。文章作者对环境税的基本理论问题进行了阐述,分析了中国现行环境税费制度的现状,指出了现行环境税收制度和收费制度存在的问题。在明确中国环境税制的目标框架设计的基础上,给出了开征环境税的具体选择,并分别就污染排放税和碳税进行了税制要素和相关制度的设计。     

Accounting for the Gender Technology Gap Amongst Smallholder Rice Farmers in Northern Ghana

Narrowing the gender technology gap in agricultural production has become a critical policy issue in sub‐Saharan Africa. A better understanding of the gender technology gap is essential for policy formulation and programme planning to ensure equity in resource allocation, and household‐level food security in low and middle income countries, such as Ghana. We employ a metafrontier approach to analyse the differences in the efficiency of male and female farmers, recognising the endogeneity of some of the variables in the inefficiency effects model, in particular the credit constraints of the rice farmers under study. Our findings show that while the rice farms themselves are very similar, average yields for male managed farms tend to be significantly higher than female managed farms reflecting higher seeding and fertiliser application rates on male managed farms. However, there is no significant difference between the genders in either land used for rice or total output per farm household. We find some evidence that relative to the metafrontier, male managed farms are less efficient than female managed farms. The results further show gender technology gap amongst the smallholder rice farmers with females’ technology gap ratio being significantly greater than that of males, with females operating on a production frontier closer to the metafrontier. Policies that provide females more access to productive resources and other agricultural services could assist in the generation of relatively higher output.     

Is fertiliser use inconsistent with expected profit maximization in sub‐Saharan Africa? “Evidence from Nigeria”

This article revisits a conventional wisdom that inorganic fertiliser use across sub‐Saharan Africa is too low. This expectation that more farmers should be using inorganic fertiliser, and at higher rates, implies it is profitable to use rates higher than observed if farmers are rational expected profit maximisers. We obtain consistent estimates of the effects of applied nitrogen on rice production. We find the yield response to applied nitrogen to be low in the main rice growing farming system. Farmer behaviour is not inconsistent with expected profitability which is limited by a low yield response to applied fertiliser, high transportation costs, and low selling prices for rice in rural areas. In particular, we do not find any farmers for whom applied nitrogen is profitable that are not using fertiliser in the study sample for each of our survey years (2010 and 2012).     

退耕还林工程与循环经济模式——云南省鹤庆县研究报告

以循环经济理论为基础,提出蚕-沼-桑的循环经济模式。阐述模式的构建并对其进行了可行性分析;运用盈亏平衡分析方法对种桑养蚕成本与收益进行分析;对蚕-沼-桑循环经济模式进行了效益评价;提出了相关建议。     

Is Oil Palm Expansion a Challenge to Agroecology? Smallholders Practising Industrial Farming in Mexico

Agroecology has become a powerful alternative paradigm for rural development. In contrast to conventional approaches, this paradigm shifts the emphasis from technology and markets to local knowledge, social justice and food sovereignty, to overcome rural poverty and environmental degradation. However, the spread of this approach faces several obstacles. This paper deals with one of these obstacles: the ‘preference’ of smallholders for industrial farming. We specifically analyse the widespread uptake up of oil palm by smallholders in Chiapas. Contrary to agro‐ecological assumptions, oil palm proved favourable to smallholders in Chiapas because of historical and contemporary state–peasant relations and the advantageous economic circumstances within the oil palm sector. Based on this research, we identify four challenges for agroecology: (i) the existence of contradictory interests within the peasantry as a result of social differentiation; (ii) the role of the state in making conventional development models relatively favourable to smallholders; (iii) the prevalence of modernization ideologies in many rural areas; and (iv) the need for this paradigm to acknowledge smallholders' agency also when engaged in industrial farming. These challenges need to be tackled for agroecology to offer viable alternatives in a context of agro‐industrialization.     

The impact of conservation tillage on maize yield and input demand: the case of smallholder farmers in north‐west Ethiopia

This study analyses the economics of conservation tillage (CT) with respect to its effect on maize yield and chemical fertiliser, herbicide, and female and male labour demand. We estimate production and input demand functions using seemingly unrelated regressions on plot‐level cross‐sectional farm household data collected in the north‐west of Ethiopia. A two‐step control function is applied to address potential endogeneity bias due to the inclusion of the CT adoption decision as an explanatory variable. Our results show that CT increases maize yield and chemical fertiliser demand. Additionally, the results show that the adoption of CT reduces female and male labour required for crop production. However, this is achieved through the increased use of herbicides, which might have an undesirable health and environmental effects.