Impacts of Rising Energy Prices on Saskatchewan Agriculture

Fuel and fertilizers are major energy-related inputs used in the production of food in Saskatchewan. Impacts of rising prices of energy-related inputs on Saskatchewan agriculture are estimated with the help of a quadratic programming model of the agriculture sector, using a comparative statics approach. The model predicts that increased energy prices would cause decreases in the level of production, product demand, energy use, consumer surplus, and net returns over energy-related inputs. An increase in product prices and a large decrease in the production of low-value crops (oats and barley) are predicted. The decline in production can be attributed to the estimated large decrease in fertilizer consumption. Unless appropriate government policies are designed to deflect the above impacts, producers would experience a decline in purchasing power and a resultant drop in living standards. The practice of summerfallowing is expected to become more attractive under a regime of rising energy prices, which may have long-run implications for increasing soil degradation on the Prairies. Parmi les facteurs de production qui supposent un apport ?énergie, le carburant et les engrais jouent un rôle majeur dans la production alimentaire en Saskatchewan. Nous avons évalué les incidences de ?augmentation des prix de ces facteurs de production sur le secteur agricole de cette province canadienne, avec ?aide ?un modèle quadratique du secteur agricole et ?une méthode de statique comparative. Les résultats obtenus laissent prévoir qu'une augmentation des prix de ?énergie provoquera une baisse de la production, de la demande, de ?utilisation ?énergie, des excédents à la consommation et des revenus nets par rapport à ?utilisation des facteurs de production supposant un apport ?énergie. On peut également prévoir une augmentation des prix des produits et une importante baisse de la production de cultures de faible valeur (avoine et orge). Cette baisse de la production pourrait être attribuable à ?importante baisse estimative de la consommation ?engrais. A moins que le gouvernement ne parvienne, au moyen de politiques appropriées, a empêcher les effets susmentionnés, les producteurs subiront une réduction de leur pouvoir ?achat et, par ricochet, une baisse de leur niveau de vie. Le recours à la jachère estivale devrait paraître plus attrayant dans des conditions de hausse des prix de ?énergie, ce qui pourrait avoir des incidences à long terme sur ?augmentation de la dégradation des sols dans les Prairies.     

FEEDER CATTLE PRICE DETERMINATION IN SASKATCHEWAN

This study presents results of a cross-section analysis of feeder cattle prices at two Saskatchewan markets. The primary objective of the analysis was to identify factors which influence feeder cattle price variability, particularly those related to the quality of the animal, (i.e., average daily gain, and feed efficiency). Results indicate that disaggregate quality variables are a strong determinant of feeder cattle prices. During the sample period in this study, very large and large framed animals, and those with choice muscling were paid a premium over an animal of average frame and muscle. A positive but discontinuous relationship was observed between the price of the animal and lot size. The pre-sort method of selling feeder cattle had a negative relationship with price, which reflected the relatively poor sorting of cattle at these sales. This, together with the fact that larger lots are mainly associated with the pre-sorted method of selling, implies that if larger lots are obtained at the expense of homogeneity of the lot with respect to quality, the advantage of selling in larger lots may be partially offset. Cette étude présente les résultats de l'analyse d'une coupe en travers des prix de bovins d'engraissement à deux marches du Saskatchewan. L'objet essential de l'analyse ètait d'identifier les facteurs qui influencent la variabilité des prix de bovins d'engraissement, en particulier ceux qui ont rapport à la qualité de la bète (i.e. le moyen accroissement par jour et l'efficacité de l'alimentation). Les résultats indiquent que les variables de la qualité désagrégée déterminent fortement les prix des bovins d'engraissement. Pendant la prise d'énchantillons rapportée dans cette étude, les bestiaux de grande et de très grande ossature et ceux qui avaient la musculature de premier choix on été vendus à prime, de préféference à ceux qui avaient l'ossature et la musculature moyennes. On a observé des rapports positifs mais discontinus entre le prix d'une bète et la grandeur du lot. La méthode de vente qui consiste à trier d'avance le bovins d'engraissement avail un rapport négatif avec le prix, ce qui reflétait le triage de qualité inférieure ayant lieu à ces ventes. Ceci, ajouté au fait que les plus grands lots sont principalement associés avec la méthode de vente qui fait le tri d'avance implique que, si de plus grands lots sont obtenus aux dépens de l'homogénéité du lot quant à la qualité, donc l'avantage de vendre en plus grands lots peut ètre partielement réduite.     

Insidious Effects of Syntactic Complexity: Are Ads Targeting Older Adults Too Complex to Remember?

This research examines the role of syntactic complexity—complexity induced by the sentence structure of the text—on memory for print ads. The authors find that ads aimed at older adults contain significant complexity, which commonly used readability indexes fail to detect. Further, syntactic complexity adversely affects message recall in older (age 65 and up), but not younger, adults. This adverse effect of syntactic complexity on memory continues even when motivation to process the message is high. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.     

Impact of Death-Related Television Programming on Advertising Evaluation

Programming that depicts or implies death constitutes a vital component of daily television broadcasts, yet the impact of such programming on the evaluation of embedded advertising remains unexplored. Using terror management theory, we propose that exposure to routine and commonplace death-related television programming will lead to the differential evaluation of ensuing advertisements depending on whether they are perceived to be of domestic or foreign origin, and that this effect is contingent on the nature of the death-related cognitions at play at the time of ad exposure. Further, the death-related program context effects on embedded advertising are unique—ads at the end, not the beginning, of the embedded pod are affected by programming content. Based on the empirical findings from four studies we identify the cognitive processes underlying consumers' ad evaluation, isolate the pod positions when context effects are observed, and suggest a framework for television commercial scheduling.     

An Introduction of Epistemology to Business Ethics: A Study of Marketing Middle-Managers

A vast majority of marketing theory and research has focused on relativism and idealism in order to understand ethical behavior. However, making ethical assessments that in turn influence behavior is much more complicated than it appears. One of the most important developments in contemporary philosophy has been the renewed interest in epistemic virtue. Epistemologists contend that belief is an ethical process that is susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one’s own life and personal experiences. Open-mindedness, curiosity, careful thinking, creativity, and intellectual courage are the foundations of epistemic virtues. Closed-mindedness, intellectual overconfidence, unimaginativeness, intellectual conformity, and wishful thinking are among epistemic vices. The purpose of this investigation is to introduce epistemology to marketing ethics by linking it to personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and optimism to explain various ethically challenging organizational behaviors. The items of epistemology were developed and pretested by the lead author of this study. Structural equations (LISREL) analyses found that epistemic virtues and vices are better predictors of ethical behavior than were personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism), and their influence on mild and severe levels of unethical behaviors was enhanced by the moderator variable, optimism. Implications are designed to develop suggestions for improving ethical behavior in the workplace.     

The patent system and the third world

Developing countries have been on the periphery of the patent system. Although 85 developing countries have patent laws, most of the larger countries are not members of the Paris Convention though their national laws tend to follow the main principles of that convention. The article indicates that in regard to many aspects of patent law, e.g., patentability, duration, fees, etc., there is considerable scope for improving patent legislation. Initiatives at the international level, culminating in the recent resolution of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Intergovernmental Group on Transfer of Technology, have established directions for a future revision of the system.     

The intensifying effects of exciting television programs on the reception of subsequent commercials

This paper examines the effects of viewer excitement as elicited by television programs on the effectiveness of commercials embedded in such programs. A review of the literature suggests that the physiological arousal which results from suspenseful or emotional programs can be usefully characterized as an intensifier of important viewer responses. A brief overview of the literature on program context effects to date is given and a model is developed which positions arousal in relation to other mediating variables affecting commercial impact. The paper concludes with a summary of the more pressing issues arising from the study of excitement as an aspect of media environment.