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61.
The Nordhaus hypothesis about the political business cycle assertsthat elected politicians have incentives to expand the moneysupply prior to elections to stimulate the economy and therebyengineer their re-election. Central bank independence is widelyregarded as an institutional solution to this problem. However,this solution works only if central bankers are not perfectagents of their political principals, perhaps because they areconservative (more inflation-averse). This artide proposes analternative solution: political business cycles may be obstructedby institutional checks and balances. The analysis applies tothe Deutsche Bundesbank and has implications for the institutionalstructure of the future European Central Bank. 相似文献
62.
Susanne Lohmann 《Journal of economic surveys》2000,14(5):655-684
Self-interested individuals pursue their goals rationally taking into account the constraints imposed by their environment and best-responding to the strategic behavior of other individuals: when applied to collective action, economic theory predicts undersupply.
Meanwhile, the behavior of masses of people is described as excitable, emotional, irrational, suggestible, hypnotic, disorderly, and unpredictable: in practice, it seems, collective action is oversupplied, and erratically so. The contagious and volatile dynamics of collective action appear to defy rationalization.
I conceptualize a social movement as a dynamic informational cascade. Turbulencies emerge endogenously from rational individual behavior. Disorderly mass behavior is a by-product of a powerful decentralized mechanism of information aggregation. 相似文献
Meanwhile, the behavior of masses of people is described as excitable, emotional, irrational, suggestible, hypnotic, disorderly, and unpredictable: in practice, it seems, collective action is oversupplied, and erratically so. The contagious and volatile dynamics of collective action appear to defy rationalization.
I conceptualize a social movement as a dynamic informational cascade. Turbulencies emerge endogenously from rational individual behavior. Disorderly mass behavior is a by-product of a powerful decentralized mechanism of information aggregation. 相似文献
63.
We consider a repeated moral hazard problem where both the principal and the wealth‐constrained agent are risk‐neutral. In each of two periods, the agent can exert unobservable effort, leading to success or failure. Incentives provided in the second period act as carrot and stick for the first period, so that the effort level induced in the second period is higher after a first‐period success than after a failure. If renegotiation cannot be prevented, the principal may prefer a project with lower returns; i.e., a project may be “too good” to be financed or, similarly, an agent can be “overqualified.” 相似文献
64.
65.
Susanne Homlle 《Journal of Economics and Business》2004,56(6):443-468
Whether more stringent capital requirements lead to reduced or to increased bank risk-taking has been discussed intensively in the academic literature. In this paper we drop the common but unrealistic assumptions that banks only issue deposits whose returns are guaranteed by a subsidised deposit insurance and that deposit insurance is free. We prove that with uninsured debt and a flat-rate deposit insurance premium the reaction of a bank to a higher capital requirement may change substantially. In some scenarios banks increase asset risk due to the enforcement of a more stringent capital requirement. 相似文献
66.
Susanne Erbe 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2006,86(5):333-340
Seit zw?lf Jahren geh?rt der Risikostrukturausgleich zu den Grundlagen eines auf Kassenwahlfreiheit gestützten Systems der
Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV). Der Mechanismus ist nicht zielgenau und daher einem st?ndigen Reformprozess ausgesetzt.
Der Nutzen der Einnahmenreallokation wird aber auch grunds?tzlich in Frage gestellt. Welche Wirkungen hatte der Risikostrukturausgleich
auf Beitragss?tze und Kassensystem? Welche Reformen wurden vorgeschlagen? Gibt es Gründe, seine Abschaffung zu befürworten?
Susanne Erbe, 50, Dipl.-Volkswirtin, ist Mitarbeiterin in der Redaktion des Hamburgischen Welt-Wirtschafts-Archivs (HWWA). 相似文献
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69.
This article explores how the transition from office‐based to home‐based work impacts upon the psychological contracts of employees involved. Adopting a qualitative case study approach, utilising a short‐term longitudinal design, the setting is a local authority which implemented a 3‐month home‐working pilot scheme. Using the psychological contract as an analytical framework it is shown how the implementation of the changes impacts upon the psychological contracts not only in the workplace but also in the home. In both the arenas of work and the home, obligations are surfaced (and sometimes renegotiated) and boundaries are redrawn. The relationship with the employer becomes increasingly transactional, enabling participants to redefine the status of work in relation to their other priorities. Whilst homeworkers exhibit an increased commitment to the mode of work and become more productive for their employer, they also exhibit a more transactional orientation to work, threatening to leave if homeworking is withdrawn. We explore the methodological and theoretical implications of our findings drawing attention to the analytical potential of the psychological contract for generating more critical insights. 相似文献
70.
Trimbath Susanne Frydman Halina Frydman Roman 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2001,17(4):397-420
This study, using the Cox proportional hazards model, finds that the risk of takeover rises with cost inefficiency. It also finds that a firm faces a significantly higher risk of takeover if its cost performance lags behind its industry benchmark. Moreover, these findings appear to be remarkably stable over the nearly two decades spanned by the sample. The effect of the variables used to measure the risk-size relationship, however, indicates temporal changes. Lastly, the study presents evidence from fixed-effects models of ex post cost efficiency improvements that support the hypothesis that takeover targets are selected based on the potential for improvement. 相似文献