厚积薄发 干线66旁蓬勃发展的小镇上适合采用迪亚兹标识艺术

许多人都预计,对美国以至全球而言2009年将会发生重大转变。因此,让我们来看看照明标识发展。大约30年前,在欧洲城市限制之外的绿色领域出现了第一家商场,其中一些商场到现在仍然繁荣,而一些如雨后春笋般快速出现的商场也以同样的速度迅速地消失了。     

Improving hotel budgetary practice—A positive theory model

Budgeting is the most widely used management accounting technique. This research considered contemporary hotel sector practice and theory concerning budgeting. The rationale for existing practice was further explored through qualitative research. This led to the development of recommendations concerning budgetary processes within the hotel sector.The results identified some aspects of practice that can be improved, particularly participation in the budgeting process at lower management levels in organizations and the financial training needs of non-financial managers. These findings have implications for management in the industry and recommendations for how current budgeting practice in hotels can be enhanced are given.     

An integrated marketing capability benchmarking approach to dealer performance through parametric and nonparametric analyses

The role of marketing capabilities as a source of sustainable competitive advantage has been discussed previously in the marketing strategy field. Benchmarking, a well-known learning mechanism, is suggested as a tool to identify and improve the marketing capabilities of a firm. Despite its popularity as a theoretical concept, there is not much empirical evidence to support the view of benchmarking marketing capabilities as a route to guide managers' efforts in this direction. This paper contributes to the three perspectives in the literature that support the view that benchmarking marketing capabilities can offer a basis for sustainable competitive advantage of the firm through both a conceptual and integrated benchmarking model. They are empirically analyzed using stochastic frontier and data envelopment analysis methods based on four-year data set of forty-five dealers of a leading business-to-business supplier. The results indicate the importance of competent salespeople and building a long-term relationship in enhancing dealer performance. In addition, they reinforce a recipe of how marketing capabilities can be benchmarked to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Discussions and implications for managers are also presented.     

The Roles of Justice and Customer Satisfaction in Customer Retention: A Lesson from Service Recovery

Customers complain because they want to be treated fairly by the company when a service failure occurs. The role of perceived complaint justice and its relation to customer satisfaction has been discussed and researched. However, a static view is mostly adopted in previous literature. We argue that satisfaction is cumulative and both prior satisfaction and post-recovery satisfaction should be looked at in relation to complaint justice in the context of service recovery. This study attempts to fill the gap by investigating the mediating role of justice in the relationship between prior satisfaction and post-recovery satisfaction (both with the recovery and with the organization) and examining the mediating role of post-recovery satisfaction in the relationship between the dimensions of justice and customer retention. Hypotheses were tested using a sample of 200 customers that had service failure experience at Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong. Justice dimensions (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice) were found to fully mediate the relationship between prior satisfaction and satisfaction with recovery. All dimensions, except the interactional justice, were also found to be partial mediators in the relationship between prior satisfaction and post-recovery satisfaction with organization. Findings also revealed the mediating roles of two post-recovery satisfaction variables in transferring the justice dimensions into behavioral intention, with the two variables playing almost opposite roles. Discussion and recommendations are provided for future development and improvement in building long-term relationship with customers.     

标识点位——LED辐射特性和统一的标识照明

尽管LED有缺点,但LED却比其他光源更广泛地运用在标识照明上,因为他们总是被大范围地宣传推广,有时这种做法甚至是错误的。然而,大多数的LED照明标志,安装后,会产生也会产生“不稳定“或“拼凑“的感觉,而非一个统一的照明外观。为什么会这样呢?设计标识的公司很可能没有考虑到LED的“辐射特性“,本专栏将对此进行解释。     

Consumer responses to dissatisfaction with financial service providers: An exploration of why some stay while others switch

In spite of research suggesting that services elicit greater dissatisfaction than products, service dissatisfaction has been less widely researched than product dissatisfaction. Although responses to dissatisfaction such as exit and voice have been investigated, the loyalty response to dissatisfaction has been largely overlooked. To begin to address this discrepancy, this paper relates a preliminary research study into customer dissatisfaction and loyalty with financial services. Research was conducted in two phases to explore dissatisfying experiences and consumer decisions to switch or stay with the current provider. The study finds that the most commonly cited reason for staying with a financial services provider is the perceived costs involved in switching or, putting it more colloquially, ‘the hassle factor’. Differences between customers who stay and switch are also revealed in the study.     

Organizational Learning and New Product Introductions

Organizational learning widely is believed to be important to competitive performance of companies. The purpose of this article is to examine how organizations learn from their experiences in new product introductions. Theory suggests that organizations will display a “competency trap” that reduces their ability to learn from organizational experience. Often initial success can cause a firm to rely on a single or a few experiences to develop routines, discounting later experiences. Therefore it is expected that organizations will have trouble learning from experience. The theory was tested by examining all new product introductions in the U.S. shampoo industry from 1974–1987. The dynamic nature of the business—the average brand survives about two years—made this an attractive research venue. Using the econometric technique of survival time modeling, a model was fitted of survival of brands as a function of organizational experience and organizational experience squared. The model also included controls for financial resources available to the firm and the level of first year's advertising. The model confirmed the general hypothesis that firms' brands are less successful the more experience they have. This study interprets this as evidence of a competency trap in new product introductions. The results broadly are supportive of the hypothesis that organizations find it harder to learn from experience as experience grows. Untangling the source of this problem is a goal of further research. For practice, the article suggests caution to brand managers in experienced companies. There is no guarantee that firms grow in their ability to build brands; results here suggest the opposite. Formal reviews of the new product, its process, and its performance by senior managers for lessons learned is desirable. Management of individuals and organizations may facilitate learning from experience. For managing individuals, often product success brings about a reassignment of successful personnel; care should be taken to insure that individuals' learning is captured by the new product organization before reassignment. On the organizational level, formal brand management may be a highly effective method for managing an ongoing stable of long‐lived brands but may be a poor choice in a dynamic market like shampoo. Companies may explore new organizational structures and departments to conceive and to develop new products since the skills required for managing ongoing brands may be different from creating new ones.     

The Distinction Between Charisma and Vision: An Empirical Study

It is argued that the confusion clouding new leadership theories can be cleared if charisma and vision are treated as distinct constructs. Consistent with the argument, new instruments for measuring the two constructs were developed and the moderating role of cognitive complexity in distinguishing charisma and vision was examined. Further, the study investigated the effects of charisma and vision on motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and performance of followers. Self-reports were obtained from 455 subordinates of 138 managers from 10 companies in Singapore. Findings suggest that both charisma and vision have two dimensions each and that these dimensions affect the four follower-level outcomes differentially.     

Offshore assembly provisions in the U.S.: Some possible trade effects of their repeal

Zusammenfassung M?gliche Handelseffekte einer Aufhebung der Bestimmungen der Vereinigten Staaten über die Offshore-Montage. — Die Autoren untersuchen, wie eine Aufhebung der amerikanischen Bestimmungen über die Offshore-Montage den Au?enhandel der USA und die Exporteinnahmen ausl?ndischer Montagefirmen beeinflussen würde. Diese Wirkungen werden für 19 disaggregierte Produktgruppen gesch?tzt. Es wird ein Modell des internationalen Handels à la Armington mit unvollst?ndiger Substitution benutzt, wonach die amerikanischen Konsumenten innerhalb einer Produktgruppe zwischen den Gütern aus verschiedenen L?ndern unterscheiden k?nnen. Als Ergebnis zeigt sich, da? eine Aufhebung der amerikanischen Bestimmungen über die Offshore-Montage wenig dazu beitragen würde, die ausl?ndische Konkurrenz für amerikanische Montagefinnen zu verringern. Sie würde aber erhebliche nachteilige Wirkungen auf die amerikanischen Exporteure von Zwischenprodukten und auf die Exporterl?se von Montagefirmen in Entwicklungsl?ndern haben.

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Résumé Abolition des règlements américains sur ?offshore assembly? et quelques effets possibles sur le commerce international. — Cette étude examine comment une abolition des règlements américains sur ?offshore assembly? toucherait le commerce extérieur des Etats Unis et le revenu des exportateurs résultant de l’assemblage à l’étranger. On donne des estimations de ces effets pour 19 catégories de produit disagregées. Un modèle de commerce international de type Armington avec des substitutions imparfaites est employé qui permet aux consommateurs américains de distinguer entre les marchandises des pays différents qui appartiennent à la même catégorie de produit. On a constaté que l’abolition des règlements sur ?offshore assembly? contribuerait pas beaucoup à réduire la compétition étrangère que les entreprises américaines spécialisées dans l’assemblage se font face, mais il y aurait des effets importants et désavantageux pour les exportateurs américains des produits intermédiaires et pour le revenu d’exportation des entreprises spécialisées dans l’assemblage aux PVD.

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Resumen El régimen de zonas francas para ensamblaje industrial en los EE UU: algunos efectos posibles sobre el comercio en caso de su eliminación. — En este trabajo se estudia cómo la eliminación del régimen de zona franca para ensamblaje industrial de los EE UU (OAP) podría afectar el comercio de los EE UU y el ingreso por exportaciones de las industrias de ensamblaje extranjeras. Se dan estimaciones de estos efectos para 19 categorías desagregadas de productos. Se utiliza un modelo de comercio del tipo de Armington con substitutos imperfectos, que permite a los consumidores de los EE UU la distinción entre bienes de distinto origen incluídos en la misma categoría de productos. Se encuentra que la eliminaci?n del OAP no contribuiría demasiado a reducir la competencia extranjera enfrentada por la industria ensambladora de los EE UU, pero que tendria un efecto adverso importante sobre los exportadores de componentes de los EE UU y sobre el ingreso por exportaciones de las industrias ensambladoras de los paises en desarrollo.