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161.
U.S. Agriculture's Role in a Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation World: An Economic Perspective 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
International agreements are likely to stimulate greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. Agriculture can participate either as a source of emission reductions or as a sink for gas emission storage. Emission trading markets are likely to emerge where agriculture could sell emission offsets. Several agricultural opportunities are available at a cost of $10-25 per ton carbon dioxide. Abatement costs for non-agricultural industries have been estimated to be as much as $200-250 per ton carbon dioxide. In the longer run, agriculture's role may diminish because many agricultural strategies offer only one-time gains and non-agricultural emitters may lower costs through technical change. 相似文献
162.
We ask how the structure of international banking affects the decision of a national regulator to join a banking union and to transfer regulatory powers to the supranational level. The focus is on bank supervision and bank resolution. A national regulator ignores possible gains or losses, which accrue to other jurisdictions if banks are internationally active. A supranational regulator takes these regulatory external effects into account. While supranational regulation improves total welfare, this is not necessarily the case for welfare in single countries. By analyzing the size and determinants of spillover effects we show how they constrain a country’s willingness to participate in a banking union. Our results may explain why some member states of the European Union currently hesitate to join the European Banking Union. 相似文献
163.
Using representative data from the IAB Establishment Panel, we show that the managerial environment has a strong influence on the introduction and survival of works councils. Employees in owner‐managed establishments are less likely to introduce a works council. Moreover, in case of an introduction, the new works council is less likely to survive if the establishment is owner‐managed. The pattern of results even holds in situations that involve positive economic effects of works councils. This suggests that owner‐managers oppose works councils not primarily for economic reasons. Our findings are rather consistent with the hypothesis that owner‐managers oppose co‐determination because it reduces the utility they gain from being the ultimate bosses within the establishment. 相似文献
164.
In this paper, we provide an empirical investigation of the interaction between violent conflicts, democratization, and growth in the “third wave” of democratization. The effect of democratization is weakened when taking into account the incidence of civil conflict. The results show that the growth effect of democratization is heterogeneous and depends on the democratization scenario. Peaceful transitions to democracy have a significant positive effect on growth that is even larger than reported previously in the literature, whereas violent transitions have no, or even negative, growth effects. 相似文献
165.
A result characterizing the effect of temporal aggregation in the frequency domain is known for arbitrary stationary processes and generalized for difference-stationary processes here. Temporal aggregation includes cumulation of flow variables as well as systematic (or skip) sampling of stock variables. Next, the aggregation result is applied to fractionally integrated processes. In particular, it is investigated whether typical frequency domain assumptions made for semiparametric estimation and inference are closed with respect to aggregation. With these findings it is spelled out, which estimators remain valid upon aggregation under which conditions on bandwidth selection. 相似文献
166.
It has been suggested that, by generalizing Darwinian principles, a common foundation can be derived for all scientific disciplines
dealing with evolutionary processes, especially for evolutionary economics. We show, however, that in the development of evolutionary
biology, the abstract principles of so-called “Generalized Darwinism” have not been crucial for distinguishing Darwinian from
non-Darwinian approaches and, hence, cannot be considered genuinely Darwinian. Moreover, we wonder what can be gained by invoking
the abstract principles of Generalized Darwinism given that they do not suffice to substantiate an explanation of actual evolutionary
processes. To that end, specific hypotheses are required. They neither follow from the suggested abstract principles, nor
are they more easily found on that basis. Accordingly, we find little evidence in the literature for the claim that generalized
Darwinian principles enhance the explanatory power of an evolutionary approach to economics. 相似文献
167.
This paper investigates the hypothesis that the causal effect of life expectancy on income per capita growth is non-monotonic.
This hypothesis follows from the recent literature on unified growth, in which the demographic transition represents an important
turning point for population dynamics and hence plays a central role for the transition from stagnation to growth. Results
from different empirical specifications and identification strategies document that the effect is non-monotonic, negative
(but often insignificant) before the onset of the demographic transition, but strongly positive after its onset. The results
provide a new interpretation of the contradictory existing evidence and have relevant policy implications. 相似文献
168.
Uwe Walz 《Review of International Economics》1997,5(4):492-507
An endogenous growth model of three countries is used to investigate the dynamic effects of deeper economic integration between two countries in the presence of an outside world. The paper looks at the long-run effects of inner-union trade liberalization, the union's external trade policy, and of the relaxation of the inner-union barriers to migration. It is shown that regional integration via inner-union trade liberalization can lead very well to a decline of the steady-state growth rates. 相似文献
169.
170.