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991.
We use national data from 1960 to 2000 to estimate the demand for pharmaceuticals in the United States. We then simulate consumer surplus gains from a hypothetical drug price control policy that would have limited drug price increases to the rate of inflation from 1981 to 2000. Using a range of values for the real interest rate, coinsurance rate, and own-price elasticity of demand, we find that the consumer surplus gains from this policy equal $472 billion by the end of 2000. According to a recent study, that same policy would have led to 198 fewer new drugs being brought to the U.S. market. Therefore, the average social opportunity cost per drug developed during this period was approximately $2.4 billion. Research on the value of pharmaceuticals suggests that the social benefits of a new drug are far greater than this estimate. Hence, drug price controls could do more harm than good. 相似文献
992.
Although the theoretical literature on firm reputation is well developed, few empirical studies exist that quantify the importance of reputation effects. This paper estimates the impact on price of current product quality and reputation using data from the market for Bordeaux wine. A model is proposed in which price is a function of current quality and expected quality, where the latter depends on reputation. Equations determining price and expected quality are estimated jointly. The empirical findings show that the price premium associated with a better reputation far exceeds that associated with improvements in current quality. The impact of reputation on price is disaggregated into individual firm and collective (or group) reputation effects, and the significance and magnitude of these effects are compared. The results indicate that both types of reputation are important, and that in general, the market values collective reputation indicators only to the extent that they are useful predictors of product quality. 相似文献
993.
Quality & Quantity - To explain voting patterns in recent Presidential elections in the United States, I analyze data from the 1984 National Election Survey, and apply core hypotheses from an... 相似文献
994.
The paper considers international per capita output and its growth using a panel of data for 102 countries between 1960 and 1989. It sets out an explicitly stochastic Solow growth model and shows that this has quite different properties from the standard approach where the output equation is obtained by adding an error term to the linearized solution of a deterministic Solow model. It examines the econometric properties of estimates of beta convergence as traditionally defined in the literature and shows that all these estimates are subject to substantial biases. Our empirical estimates clearly reflect the nature and the magnitude of these biases as predicted by econometric theory. Steady state growth rates differ significantly across countries and once this heterogeneity is allowed for the estimates of beta are substantially higher than the consensus in the literature. But they are very imprecisely estimated and difficult to interpret. The paper also discusses the economic implications of these results for sigma convergence. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
A critical problem in urban modeling is the validation of system models and identification of system parameters within an assumed structure. This paper applies recent developments in system identification in hierarchical structure to identification of system parameters for two models of urban dynamics. 相似文献
996.
In this paper we consider some factors which are of potential importance in the debate concerning the sources of performance for intermediaries. Using data from depository institutions (banks and savings and loans), we find that the distributional intensity (provided by standardized number of offices in a market) is consistently important in explaining cross- sectional profitability. This result implies that the number of offices in a market is at least as important as more traditional measures of efficiency and concentration in determining returns in this sector of the financial services industry. Indeed, when pooled data are used, there is a strong quadratic relationship between return on assets and the number of offices in a market. We show that this relationship can be viewed as coming from spatially differentiated markets as opposed to collusion or efficiency per se. Finally, we provide evidence that results concerning the rule of efficiency versus market concentration are themselves sensitive to the implicit assumption that there are no close substitutes for the services provided by a sub-set of the industry. In particular, results from ‘pooled’ bank and thrift data often provide conclusions which are different from those which include only banks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
997.
998.
This paper looks at the impact of patient knowledge on utilization and quality in physician services markets, developing a theoretical framework based on an alternative to the \"market failure\" perspective first proposed by Arrow (1963) . Specifically, this paper looks at how outcomes in physician services markets are determined by whether patient and physician knowledge are substitutes or complements in health production. Empirical testing of the theoretical predictions indicates patient and physician knowledge have changed from substitutes to complements in recent years, and that this change may be hindering a more consumer-driven market from ensuring high quality outcomes. 相似文献
999.
Summary We consider credit rationing in an environment with adverse selection and costly state verification. The presence of costly state verification permits debt contracts to emerge under conditions that we specify. When debt contracts are observed, so is credit rationing. This rationing occurs even if it is possible for rationed borrowers to bid up expected returns to lenders and hence is voluntary. We also show how the adverse selection and costly state verification problems interact and investigate how improvements in information gathering technology impact on the extent of credit rationing.The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System. We have benefitted from comments on an earlier draft of this paper by Franklin Allen, Charlie Calomiris, V. V. Chari, Ed Green, Craig Holden, Jeff Lacker, George Pennachi, Neil Wallace, Anne Villamil, and an anonymous referee and from discussions with Edward Prescott. 相似文献
1000.
This paper examines whether observed government expenditures are consistent with optimising behaviour in Australia, Portugal, Sweden and the U.K. Expenditures are treated as intermediate goods producing desired outputs (e.g. health, education, security) conditional on demographic variables. These outputs are arguments in an objective function, optimised subject to a budget constraint. Optimisation then implies testable homogeneity, symmetry and negativity restrictions on the derived demand functions. These were estimated, using the Deaton-Muellbauer AIDS system, on time series data for four categories of expenditure in each country and the restrictions tested, with both homogeneity and symmetry being accepted for Sweden. 相似文献