Why integrating purchasing with marketing is both inevitable and beneficial

The shift away from manufacturing in Western developed economies has resulted in economies in which service industries are dominant. Marketing itself has undergone a paradigmatic shift from a focus on the exchange of goods to the provision of capabilities. This paper examines the relationship between marketing and purchasing as a result of the shift from product- to capability-focused commerce. We suggest that the marketing and purchasing departments will become closer due to two major reasons. First, as marketers increasingly become solution-oriented rather than product-focused, they will need to source products and services from third-party vendors and will require deeper involvement of the purchasing department. Second, with the emergence of customer-centric marketing coupled with build-to-order manufacturing, marketing and purchasing will have to be better aligned to deliver solutions to customers. These new dimensions in the marketing–purchasing interaction will also lead to changes in the selection, training, and recruitment of marketers and purchasers as well as their roles in the supply chain. We elaborate on these changes likely to occur in business-to-business organizations and along with implications for managers.     

Dark tourism through the lens of attachment theory and domestic tourists

This study explores the factors that affect domestic tourist attachment to dark tourism destinations by developing a hybrid model using several methods, including structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), predicated on attachment theory. The study collected data from 60 tourism experts and 622 domestic tourists. The study found that tourist motivation, national identity, tourism impacts, and destination attachment are all crucial factors that explain domestic tourist behavior towards dark tourism. The results of the mediation analysis indicate that destination attachment mediates the relationship between tourist motivation, national identity, and negative tourism impact with tourist satisfaction. The FAHP results show that place identity has the highest influence while place dependence has the lowest influence in shaping domestic tourists' selection of dark tourist destinations. The study's findings provide valuable insights for tour operators and destination managers to meet domestic tourists' expectations of dark tourism, adding to the existing knowledge related to the factors that impact dark tourism.     

论贸易自由化对澳大利亚制造业中的横向、纵向行业内交易的影响

一、前言 尽管有大量的有关行业内贸易（IIT，即同时出口和进口类似的产品）现象的文献，但经验的结果是不一致的。除了变量度量的问题外，未能把IIT分成横向差异产品交易和纵向差异产品交易或许也是个起作用的因素。最普遍的IIT指数——格拉贝-劳埃德（GL）指数确实没有分清横向差异产品和纵向差异产品；尽管事实上理论已表明这两类产品的决定因素是不同的。这已在近年来的大量经验研究中得到了再证实。横向的IIT指的是特征或属性不同的类似产品的交易，而纵向IIT则是涉及质量不同的类似产品的交易。克鲁格曼（1980，1988）和兰开斯特（1980）已证明了横向IIT是受规模经济和偏好多样化影响的，而法尔维（1981）则证明了具备的生产要素决定纵向IIT。因此，IIT必须被分成横向差异产品交易和纵向差异产品交易并被分别建模。将这两者混淆可能产生矛盾的结果。     

Price Effects of Preferential Market Access: Caribbean Basin Initiative and the Apparel Sector

Preferential trade arrangements should be evaluated by theireffect on prices rather than by their effect on the total valueof trade. This point is emphasized in the theoretical literaturebut rarely implemented empirically. This article analyzes theU.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative’s (CBI’s) impacton the prices received by eligible apparel exporters. The CBI’sapparel preferences are the most important and heavily usedunilateral preferences because of high trade barriers imposedon exports from the rest of the world. A fixed-effects generalizedleast squares (GLS) estimation is used to isolate the effectsof other factors (such as quality, exchange rates, and transactioncosts) and to identify the effects of tariff preferences. CBIexporters capture only about two-thirds of their preferencemargin despite the high degree of competition among importers.This translates into a 9 percent increase in the relative pricesthey receive, with some variance across countries and years.Countries specializing in higher value items capture more ofthe preference margin, and the implementation of the North AmericanFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has a negative effect. RemovingMultifibre Arrangement quotas significantly lowers the benefitsof CBI preferences.     

The Reaction of Closed End Funds to Stock Distribution Announcements

This study examines the impact of stock split and stock dividend announcements made by closed end mutual funds. We argue that the asymmetric information / signaling hypothesis does not apply to mutual funds. Therefore, any announcement effects must be attributed to other factors such as the optimal trading range hypothesis. We find that closed end funds react no differently than other firms to stock distribution announcements; also, trading volume and turnover remain unchanged after closed end funds' ex-stock distribution days, while liquidity declines for other firms that distribute shares.     

Correcting the t statistic for measurement error

Studies in marketing often involve application of multi-item scales to measure latent constructs. Once the psychometric properties of a scale have been assessed, responses to individual scale items are often summed to form a composite score, which then is compared across groups by performing statistical tests such as a t test. In this note, we draw researchers?? attention to an often overlooked fact that the t test is attenuated by imperfect measures. As a solution, we propose the disattenuated t statistic and discuss how it would increase accuracy of estimates and affect decisions in the marketing discipline.     

Competition,strategic delegation and delay in technology adoption

This paper examines how strategic managerial delegation affects firms' timing of adoption of a new technology under different modes of product market competition. It demonstrates that strategic delegation has differential impacts on adoption dates under Cournot and Bertrand competitions. Strategic delegation with ‘own-performance’-based incentive schemes always leads to early adoption in markets with Bertrand competition compared to that under no-delegation, but not necessarily so in markets with Cournot competition. It also shows that under strategic delegation with ‘own-performance’-based incentive schemes, adoption occurs earlier (later) in markets with Cournot competition than in markets with Bertrand competition, if the degree of product differentiation is high (low). In contrast, under strategic delegation with ‘relative-performance’-based incentive schemes, adoption dates do not differ across markets with different modes of competition. It also analyses implications of firms' choice over types of managerial incentive schemes on the speed of diffusion of new technology.