Online consumer shopping behaviour: A review and research agenda

Over the last two decades, motivated by the continuous evolution of the technology-driven retail environment, researchers have studied various aspects of online consumer behaviour. This article attempts to take stock of this environment to critically assess the research gaps in the domain and provide future research directions. Applying a well-grounded systematic methodology following the TCCM (theory, context, characteristics and methodology) framework, 197 online consumer shopping behaviour articles were reviewed. The findings reveal that the application of theories remains limited in the current pool of literature that focuses more on developed nations. While studies have primarily considered categories such as apparel and grocery, in terms of methodology experimental and survey-based studies were most common. Additionally, the article suggests some future research directions. The use of combined theories to better understand technology acceptance by consumers of online-shopping is recommended. Similarly, studies across other categories like online experiential luxury, luxury services, or second-hand products that then link to novel constructs reflecting issues with payment methods, online service quality, and online store atmosphere are portrayed as meaningful avenues that will advance research in the domain.     

Local competition, entry, and agglomeration

This paper analyzes competition between two spatially differentiated multi-product retailers who encounter entry from a low-cost discounter. We assess how entry affects the pricing of the incumbent stores and the role played by the location of the entrant. Our primary objective is to identify how traditional retailers respond to new forms of low-cost retailing. Results show that post entry, the prices for some products are higher than the pre entry. However, which product prices increase depends on the incumbent’s location. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the store closer to the entrant is better off compared to the incumbent located further away. We empirically demonstrate the main workings of our theory using sales data from several grocery stores that saw entry by discount stores in their trading areas.     

Why Disability Mainstreaming is Good for Business: A New Narrative

Journal of Business Ethics - In developed economies, powerful legislative and regulatory frameworks, for people with disability (PWD) over the last five decades, have provided major motivation for...     

Human resource management in multinational and domestic enterprises: A comparative institutional analysis in Southeast Asia

This article looks at the relative impact of context on the role of senior managers. It compares HR directors of domestic enterprises (DEs) with those of multinational enterprises (MNEs), within an emerging market setting, based on a survey of HR directors in Brunei. We found that, with the exception of some aspects of selection and recruitment, HR directors of MNEs accorded a higher priority to strategic tasks but were more reluctant to delegate. This study confirms the importance of MNEs in pioneering more modern and integrated approaches to people management but also demonstrates the limitations to the extent where they might act as evangelists of new practices that are adopted by their local peers. In contrast, local firms were more likely to concentrate their attention on administrative, rather than strategic, issues. We draw out the implications of our findings for theory and practice.     

Farm earnings, educational attainment, and role of public policy: Some evidence from Mexico

Using real household survey data from Mexico, this study evaluates

• 1. 

  (a) the impact of schooling on farm earnings through the “direct” and “allocative” effects of human capital;

• 2. 

  (b) the household demand for children's schooling;

• 3. 

  (c) using macro-level data, the association between children's school-participation and some policy variables.

The overall rate of return to household heads' schooling is estimated at 25%, and for wives, 19%. The allocative effect of schooling of household heads dominates over the direct effect. Mother's schooling and farm size exercise significantly positive effects on household demand for schooling; while in the macro model, policy variables, government expenditure and pupil-teacher ratio appear strong determinants of children's attainment of primary schooling.     

Forecasting Real Inventories and the Anomaly of Money Illusion

While the transmission mechanism of inventory behavior in the business cycle has been studied, less effort has been devoted to applied forecasting of inventory change. Inventory fluctuations have accounted for a sizable portion of the changes in U.S. GDP during recessions over the past fifty years. In this paper, we report on out-of-sample forecasts of manufacturing and trade inventories generated by regression and neural network methodology. Our forecasting model is Metzlerian in approach, in that the divergence between actual and targeted sales is hypothesized as the primary cause of inventory imbalance. Our forecasts also rely on the slow adjustment of inventory investment to sales surprises. However, the likely presence of money illusion is a caveat to users, and we address several distortions it introduces to inventory management measures.     

Adjustment Dynamics of Paper and Paprboard Consurption in Canada

Using time-series data from 1961 to 1982, habitual nature of consumption of paper and paperboard products in Canada was analyzed and short-run and long-run income and price elasticities were estimated. Five groups of paper and paperboard products, based on data from Canadian sources, were specified: (i) newsprint, (ii) printing and writing paper, (iii) tissue and sanitary paper, (iv) wrapping paper, and (v) paperboard. Two formulations of stock adjustment models (with current income and current price in the first and permanent income and expected price in the second) were specified. An adaptive expectation model and a double logarithmic static model were also estimated for comparing the results with the more desirable dynamic stock adjustment models. The first two models were estimated by nonlinear estimation technique. The adaptive expectation model was estimated with the combination of GLS and a two-dimensional grid search over expectation coefficients. The static model was estimated by the OLS. The results indicated that it is worthwhile to estimate dynamic models because they show superiority over the static model in terms of explanatory power. Estimates from the stock adjustment model indicated that consumption of newsprint and printing and writing paper are subject to inventory adjustments and the other three products to habit formation. The income and price coefficients were all estimated to be positive and negative, respectively, and mostly were significantly different from zero. All long-run income and price elasticities exceeded those in the short run. Consumption of all paper and paperboard products in Canada was found to be income elastic in the long run. Similarly, price elasticities of consumption of all products were high and greater than one for printing and writing paper and for paperboard in the long run. Thus, the supposedly inelastic response of consumption of paper and paperboard to price changes, as concluded by many workers in the past, is not supported when habit, stock and expectational effects are taken into account. La nature habituelie de consommation de papier et de produits de carton au Canada est étudiée d'après les données chronologiques de 1961 à 1982. Les revenus sur une periode courte et longue ainsi que l‘élasticité des prix sont estimés. Cinq groupes de papier et de produits de carton, basés sur des données de source canadienne, sont spécifiés: (i) papier journal, (ii) papier d'imprimerie et d’écriture, (iii) papier pelure et papier sanitaire, (iv) papier d'emballage, et (v) carton. Deux formulations de modèles de règlement de stock (avec revenu courant et prix courant dans la première et revenu permanent et prix attendu dans la deuxième) sont spécifiées. Un modèle adaptable d'attente et un modèle “double logarithmic static” sont aussi estimés pour comparer les résultats avec les modèles d'adjustage dynamique de stock qui sont plus désirables. Les deux premiers modèles sont estimés par une technique d'estimation nonlinéaire. Le modèle adaptable d'attente est estimé avec la combinaison de GLS et une recherche de quadrillage à deux dimensions des coefficients d'attente. Le modèle statique est estimé par OLS. Les résultats indiquent qu'il est valable d'estimer les modèles dynamiques parce qu'ils montrent la supériorité sur le modéle statique en terme de pouvoir explicatif. Les estimations du modèle d'ajustage de stock indiquent que la consommation de papier journal et de papier d'imprimerie et d‘écriture est sujet à des ajustages d'inventaire et les trois autres produits à la formation d'habitude. Les coefficients de revenu et de prix sont tous estimés positifs et négatifs, respectivement, et surtout sont significativement different de zéro. Toutes les élasticités de période longue de revenu et de prix ont excédé celles de période courte. On trouve que la consommation de tous papiers et produits de carton au Canada est élastique quant au revenu à la longue. De la même manière, les élasticités de prix de consommation de tous les produits sont élevées et plus qu'un pour le papier d'imprimerie et d’écriture et pour le carton à la longue. Done, la réponse de consommation de papier et carton aux changements de prix supposément inélastique, ainsi que conclue par beaucoup de travailleurs dans le passé, n'est pas supportée lorsque l'habitude, le stock et les effets attendus sont pris en considération.     

Business ethics,economic development and protection of the environment in the new world order

The end of the cold war has elevated environmental issues to the highest level of concern for humanity while creating a world order dominated by the United States of America and other Western nations. This new power structure may likely lead to increased business activity in many parts of the world, as nations formerly preoccupied with the cold war turn their attention to economic development. This paper examines the linkages among ethics, economic development and protection and restoration of the environment in The New World Order.Emily F. Carasco is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Windsor. Her research focus is on international law and family law.Jang B. Singh is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Business Administration of the University of Windsor. His research focus is on ethical issues involved in the management process.     

On the generalization of Rao,Hartley and Cochran's scheme

Summary The problem considered in this paper is a generalization of the usual Rao, Hartley and Cochran (RHC) scheme. In the usual RHC scheme the population ofN units is randomly divided inton groups wheren is the size of the sample. In this paper we propose to divide the population under consideration into (n+k) random groups wherek is some positive integer. Then a sample ofn groups is selected by using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). The expressions for the unbiased estimator of population total, its variance and the unbiased estimate of variance have been obtained under the proposed sheme. The condition under which the proposed sheme is more efficient than the usual RHC scheme has also been investigated.     

RESPONSE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS TO ANNOUNCEMENTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE

This paper documents the response of exchange rates, interest rates and stock prices to monthly announcements of the Australian current account balance. Survey data on market participants' expectations and forecasts generated from ARIMA time series models are used to identify the unexpected component of the announcements. The study also controls for day-of-the-week effects that have been documented in the Australian equity market The results support the efficient market hypothesis and show a significant depreciation of the Australian dollar in foreign exchange markets and a significant rise in both short- and long-term interest rates to announcements of larger than expected current account deficits. The study was, however, unable to find evidence of a significant stock price response to the current account announcements.