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51.
Aino Tenhiälä Tamara L. Giluk Sven Kepes Cristina Simón In‐Sue Oh Seongsu Kim 《人力资源管理》2016,55(2):179-200
In this study, we examine the cross‐cultural differences in human resource (HR) managers’ beliefs in effective HR practices by surveying HR practitioners in Finland (N = 86), South Korea (N = 147), and Spain (N = 196). Similar to previous studies from the United States, the Netherlands, and Australia, there are large discrepancies between HR practitioner beliefs and research findings, particularly in the area of staffing. In addition, we find that interpersonal‐oriented aspects of HR practices tend to be more culturally bound than technical‐oriented aspects of HR practices. We interpret the differences using Hofstede's cultural dimensions (Power Distance, Individualism versus Collectivism, Masculinity versus Femininity, Long‐Term Orientation versus Short‐Term Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance). We discuss the overall nature of the science‐practice gap in HR management, and the implications for evidence‐based management. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
52.
53.
Virginia R. Young F.S.A. Ph.D. F. Etienne De Vylder Ph.D. 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(1):107-113
Abstract The classical Bühlmann credibility formula estimates the hypothetical mean of a particular insured, or risk, by a weighted average of the grand mean of the collection of risks with the sample mean of the given insured. If the insured is unfortunate enough to have had large claims in the previous policy period(s), then the estimate of future claims for that risk will also be large. In this paper we provide actuaries with a method for not overly penalizing an unlucky insured while still targeting the goal of accuracy in the estimate. We propose a credibility estimator that minimizes the expectation of a linear combination of a squared-error term and a first-derivative term. The squared-error term measures the accuracy of the estimator, while the first-derivative term constrains the estimator to be close to constant. 相似文献
54.
Abstract We extend the work of Browne (1995) and Schmidli (2001), in which they minimize the probability of ruin of an insurer facing a claim process modeled by a Brownian motion with drift. We consider two controls to minimize the probability of ruin: (1) investing in a risky asset and (2) purchasing quota-share reinsurance. We obtain an analytic expression for the minimum probability of ruin and the corresponding optimal controls, and we demonstrate our results with numerical examples. 相似文献
55.
Most of the foundations of valuation theory have been designed for use in developed markets. Because of the greater, and in some cases different, risks associated with emerging markets (although recent experience might suggest otherwise), investors and corporate managers are often uncomfortable using traditional methods. The typical way of capturing emerging-market risks is to increase the discount rate in the standard valuation model. But, as the authors argue, such adjustments have the effect of undermining some of the basic assumptions of the CAPM-based discounted cash flow model. The standard theory of capital budgeting suggests that estimates of unconditional expected cash flows should be discounted at CAPM discount rates (or betas) that reflect only “systematic,” or “nondiversifiable,” market-wide risks. In practice, however, analysts tend to take what are really estimates of “conditional” expected cash flows—that is, conditional on the firm or its country avoiding a crisis—and discount them at higher rates that reflect not only systematic risks, but diversifiable risks that typically involve a higher probability of crisis-driven costs of default. But there is almost no basis in theory for the size of the increases in discount rates. In this article, the authors propose that analysts in emerging markets avoid this discount rate problem by using simulation techniques to capture emerging-market risks in their estimates of unconditional expected cash flows—in other words, estimates that directly incorporate the possibility of an emerging-market crisis and its consequences. Having produced such estimates, analysts can then discount them using the standard Global CAPM. 相似文献
56.
Prakash K. Chathoth Brenda Mak Janet Sim Vinnie Jauhari Kamal Manaktola 《International Journal of Hospitality Management》2011
This study delves into the organizational trust based similarities and differences across “individualist” and “collectivist” service employees in hotels. Specifically, the three dimensions of organizational trust, i.e., integrity, commitment and dependability are compared across the two samples from the U.S. and India to highlight how employees perceive the level of each of the three dimensions across cultures. Findings suggest that the three dimensions represent the trust construct across different national cultures. However, in comparing the individual dimension of the trust construct, a significant difference exists between the perceptions of employees in the two cultures, suggesting that perception-based differences exist across cultures. 相似文献
57.
The main purpose of this article is to elucidate the bright connotation of the self-conscious emotion of pride, namely authentic
pride, in the broader context of behavioral governance literature. Scholars in the field of psychology suggest that authentic
and hubristic pride represent two facets of the same emotional construct. Yet, our review indicates that in the extant governance
research pride has been treated as an exclusively dark leadership trait or self-attribution bias, thereby placing hubris among
the main causes of managerial failure. After conceptually differentiating the two aspects of pride, we identify and discuss
the myriad of positive governance implications stemming from firm members’ tendency toward authentic pride. We argue that
the examination of both positive and negative facets of pride constitutes a critical complement to the existing governance
landscape largely dominated by economic theories and formal mechanisms of control. This article allows practitioners to better
understand the emotional processes involved in governance that are needed to predict the workplace effectiveness of employees,
identify individuals prone to experience authentic pride in the early stages of the recruitment process, and design specific
interventions for acting upon and putting emotional energy into productive use. 相似文献
58.
Credibility ratemaking is a technique used in pricing health care, property and casualty, workers’ compensation, and group life coverages. It has been a part of actuarial practice since the time of Mowbray's (1914) contribution. In earlier work, we showed how many types of credibility models could be expressed as special cases of mixed linear models. This article extends this approach to credibility by formally introducing collateral information through the use of Bayesian methods. Specifically, we derive credibility estimators and mean square errors for normal hierarchical linear models. We provide intuition for the credibility estimators by establishing the link between these estimators and homogeneous and inhomogeneous estimators that appear in non-Bayesian credibility theory. 相似文献
59.
This paper examines the linkages between US and Latin American stock markets during the 1995–2002 period using recently developed cointegration techniques that allow for structural shifts in the long-run relationship. Results suggest that when conventional cointegration tests are applied, a long-run relationship is found only in the cases of Brazil and Mexico for the Dow Jones (DJ) index, and in the case of Brazil for the Standard and Poor's 500 (SP500) index. In contrast, if the possibility of structural breaks is introduced, strong evidence is found in favour of such a relationship between the Argentine, Chilean and Venezuelan indices and the DJ index after the 1998 financial turmoil, and between the Brazilian and Mexican indices and the DJ index before such turbulence, while some marginal cointegration is detected between the Mexican and DJ indices from February 1998. Additionally, evidence is found of a cointegrating relationship between the Argentine, Chilean and Mexican indices and the SP500 index from August 1998, April 1999 and October 1999, respectively, and between the Brazilian and the SP500 indices before November 1997, as well as some marginal cointegration between the Mexican and SP500 indices before October 1999. The results suggest that the gains from international diversification for investors with long holding periods is limited. 相似文献
60.
Piet Heyn Michels Thea Mooij David J. Ball Kimberly Ault Virginia Routley M. Hemmo-Lotem 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(1):65-76
As the US population ages, more older adults will face transportation and mobility challenges. This study examines the characteristics and contributing circumstances of nonfatal older adult pedestrian injuries. Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Programme (NEISS-AIP) for the years 2001 through 2006. Cases included persons aged 65 years and older who were nonfatally injured on a public roadway. The results indicated that on average, an estimated 52,482 older adults were treated in emergency departments each year for nonfatal pedestrian injuries. Falling and being hit by a motor vehicle were the leading mechanisms of injury, resulting in 77.5% and 15.0% of older adult pedestrian injuries, respectively. More than 9000 older pedestrian fall-related injuries each year involved a kerb. It is concluded that the growth in the older adult population could add to the overall burden of these nonfatal pedestrian injuries. Making transportation and mobility improvements, including environmental modifications, is important for preventing these injuries. 相似文献