Measuring Productivity from Vertically Integrated Sectors

There are many ways to measure productivity. The choice will depend on the suitability of each index to the main purpose the researcher has in mind. Whenever we are interested in 'competitiveness', the proper measure will be the inverse of the total labour embodied in one unit of final product; or, what amounts to the same, the labour employed in the vertically integrated sector corresponding to each final good. A weighted mean of these yields an index of aggregate productivity suitable for measuring social welfare. Another index of aggregate productivity (this one related to the profit rate and potential growth) coincides with the inverse of the maximum eigenvalue of the 'socio-technical matrix'. These indices are computed for the Spanish economy and compared with more conventional ones.     

Growth and employment effects of fiscal regimes

This paper presents an endogenous growth model with firms exhibitingexternal or internal increasing returns. Firms are either perfectlyor monopolistically competitive. The paper extends fiscal policyresults, to cases where innovations are intentionally generatedby firms. To provide quantitative information, the model iscalibrated to replicate EU7 aggregate data. The theoreticalresults indicate that distortionary taxes have strong negativeeffects on growth and employment and they tend to increase withthe degree of private returns. However, the quantitative resultsturn out to be fairly robust with respect to alternative assumptionson the degree of internal increasing returns made in the processof calibrating the model.     

提高中小型科技企业创新能力的对策与建议

一、中小企业在经济发展中的地位和作用世界中小企业发展史证明中小企业与大企业一样,都是现代经济中不可缺少的组成部分。在意大利、日本、法国,中小企业的数量都占其企业总数的99%以上;即使在以大型企业著称的美国,中小企业仍占总数的98%强,销售值占总数的60%。据欧盟统计,中     

货币:危机背后的黑手

马克思认为,有效需求不足与社会化大生产之间的矛盾导致了经济危机的爆发。有效需求不足是经济危机爆发的必要条件,社会化大生产是经济危机爆发的充分条件。本文将从货币制度的演变出发,探讨社会化大生产出现的原因,寻找经济危机背后真正的黑手。通过分析不同货币制度下货币属性的变化对经济产生的影响,进而分析货币在经济危机中扮演的角色,探讨经济危机产生的真正原因。     

Getting More from Cross‐Functional Fairness and Product Innovativeness: Contingency Effects of Internal Resource and Conflict Management

This research investigates how organizations' internal resource and conflict management influence the relationship between cross‐functional fairness and product innovativeness. It considers two contextual dimensions of both internal resource management (job rotation and internal rivalry) and conflict‐handling mechanisms (integrating and avoiding) as key components of the firm's ability to convert fair interactions, across departments, into product innovativeness. The tests of the study's hypotheses, based on a sample of more than 200 Canadian‐based firms, confirm that the cross‐functional fairness–product innovativeness relationship is amplified at higher levels of job rotation and integrative conflict handling but suppressed at higher levels of internal rivalry and avoidance of conflict handling. The authors discuss the study's implications and future research directions.     

An Evaluation Instrument for Collaborative Processes: Application to Organizational Policy-Making

Decision-making in organizations is guided by policies. Organizational policy-making is a complex process in which several parties are involved, with multiple backgrounds, incompatible interests, and diverging areas of interest, yet they all have to be brought together to produce an acceptable policy result. Therefore, we propose to use techniques from collaboration engineering (CE) in this context. There is hardly any experience with CE in the field of organizational policy-making. In order to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of CE in organizational policy-making, it is important to have a systematic evaluation instrument. We distinguish between general and domain-specific indicators. Moreover, we consider measurement means and operationalization tools, such that organizational policy-making stakeholders can apply our instrument in their own organization.     

Lessons from the Financial Crisis: New Rules for Central Banks and Credit Rating Agencies?

The US mortgage crisis, which has spiralled into what is now seen as the most serious global financial upheaval since the 1930s, has provoked criticism of the Federal Reserve for its failure to recognise, and act on, the real estate bubble. Credit rating agencies, too, have come under heavy fire for having actively contributed to the present crisis. Should central banks pay special attention to, and try to influence, the development of asset prices? Is statutory regulation of rating agencies required? If so, what form should it take? Is the European Commission’s recently issued draft up to its purpose?     

School Attendance and Skill Premiums in France and the US: A General Equilibrium Approach*

We evaluate the effect of education policies, welfare programmes, technology and demographics on the differential evolution of the skill premium and on the rise in education investment in France and the US. We use a computable general equilibrium model with overlapping generations of individuals and endogenous education decisions. Human capital has two substitutable components ‐ experience and education ‐ both of which evolve endogenously over time. We use an original method to calibrate our model properly on the post‐war period and run counterfactual experiments to assess the relative contributions of the different exogenous variables. The expansionary French education policy boosted the supply of skills and kept the skill premium low. In contrast, increasing education costs in the US contributed to increased wage differentials by reducing the rise in educational attainment. Skill‐biased technical change is key to understanding rising school attendance and skill premiums in the US. It has a less important role and appears to be delayed in France.     

市场运行平稳 改革尚需深化——中国金融业2005年回顾与2006年展望

2005年，中央银行继续实行稳健的货币政策，突出金融调控的前瞻性、科学性和有效性，同时稳步推进人民币汇率机制改革，宏观调控取得较好成效。国有商业银行、农村信用社、保险公司和非银行金融机构的各项改革深入进行。金融市场改革与发展取得了阶段性成果。今后，中国金融业应进一步加强和改善金融宏观调控，加快金融体制改革，建立和发展多层次的金融市场，提高金融监管水平，维护金融稳定。