The pattern of non-tariff obstacles to international market access

Zusammenfassung Die Struktur nicht-tarif?rer Handelshemmnisse auf den Zutritt zum Weltmarkt. — Die Diskussionen über internationale Schutzzoll- und Handelspolitik nach der Kennedy-Runde besch?ftigen sich zunehmend mit der Bedeutung der Au\enhandelsverzerrungen, die nicht durch Z?lle verursacht werden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz versucht zwei grundlegende Fragen über die Anwendung nicht-tarif?rer Hemmnisse auf den Au\enhandel mit Fertig- und Halbfertigfabrikaten zu beantworten: I. Bis zu welchem Grad gibt es ?hnlichkeiten oder Un?hnlichlichkeiten in der Struktur oder dem Schema der nicht-tarif?ren Verzerrungen des Au\enhandels in den entwickelten Marktwirtschaften ? 2. Scheinen tarif?re und nichttarif?re Handelshemmnisse sich gegenseitig innerhalb nationaler protektionistischer Systeme zu erg?nzen oder zu ersetzen ? Obwohl die Ergebnisse ihrer Natur nach vorl?ufig sind, f?hren sie doch zu wichtigen Schlu\folgerungen in bezug auf die künftige Gestaltung der internationalen Handelspolitik.

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Résumé La structure des obstacles non-tarifaires à l’accès au marché international. — La discussion de la politique internationale protectionniste et commerciale d’après-Kennedy-Round tourne toujours d’avantage autour du r?le que jouent les distorsions du commerce qui ne proviennent pas des tarifs de douane. Cet article cherche à répondre à deux questions fondamentales qui concernent l’application d’obstacles non-tarifaires au commerce des produits finis et mi-finis: I. Jusqu’à quel point y a-t-il similitude ou dissimilitude dans la structure ou le schéma des distorsions non-tarifaires dans les différents pays à économie libre et développée ? 2. Para?t-il que, dans les systèmes nationaux protectionnistes, les obstacles tarifaires et non-tarifaires se suppléent, ou bien qu’ils se substituent les uns aux autres ? Quoique les résultats soient nécessairement préliminaires, ils permettent quand même quelques conclusions importantes en ce qui concerne le développement futur de la politique commerciale internationale.

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Resumen La estructura de barreras no arancelarias sobre el acceso al mercado mundial. — Las discusiones sobre la política comercial internacional se centra, desde la Ronda Kennedy, de forma creciente en la importancia de distorsiones en el comercio exterior, que no se deben a tarifas aduaneras. El presente artículo trata de contestar dos preguntas fundamentales relacionadas con la aplicación de medidas no arancelarias en el comercio exterior con productos semielaborados y acabados: I _- ^a ? Hasta qué punto existen parecidos o diferencias en la estructura o elesquema de distorsiones en el comercio exterior de economias de mercado desarrolladas, producidos por barreras no arancelarias ? 2 _- ^a ? Se complementan los obstáculos arancelarios y no arancelarios dentro de los sistemas nacionales de protección, o son los unos substituto de los otros ? A pesar de que los resultados de este estudio son provisionales, permiten importantes conclusiones acerca de la estructuración futura de la política comercial internacional.

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Riassunto La struttura di impedimenti commerciali non tariffari sull’accesso al mercato mondiale. — Le discussioni sulla politica protezionistica e commerciale dopo il ?Kennedy-Runde? si occupano in misura crescente del significato delle deformazioni del commercio estero che non sono causate da dazi. Il presente articolo cerca di dare una risposta a due questioni fondamentali sull’applicazione di impedimenti non tariffari sul commercio estero con prodotti finiti o semilavorati: 1. Fino a che grado ci sono somiglianze o dissomiglianze nella struttura o nello schema delle deformazioni non tariffarie del commercio ? 2. Impedimenti commerciali tariffari e non tariffari sembrano completarsi o sostituirsi reciprocamente all’interno di sistemi nazionali protezionistici? Sebbene i risultati della loro natura siano ancora prowisori, essi conducono, però, a importanti conclusioni in rapporto alla futura conformazione della politica commerciale internazionale.

     

Instructional telecommunications in Alaska

In May 1979, the Alaska State Legislature passed Senate Concurrent Resolution No 35 which directed the Legislative Council to conduct a feasibility study relating to educational television. This resolution was another major step in the efforts by the State of Alaska during the past decade to bring a wide range of educational and social services to its people, especially the 60 000 people that lie scattered across the state in some 258 small communities ranging in population from 25 to 3 000.     

Resolution of incentive conflicts in the mortgage industry

This paper analyzes the contractual response to incentive divergencies in the housing-finance sector of the economy. Emphasis is placed on the role played by the private mortgage insurance master policy in stemming the moral hazard of lenders. The structure of the coinsurance feature of the policy is shown to induce the lender to lessen foreclosure costs. Cases are identified where the inducements of coinsurance are not complete. This incompleteness explains the role of the time constraints and bidding instructions imposed on the lender by the master policy.The paper also considers the effects that securitization is having on the incentives of the players in housing finance. The decoupling of the lender from the investor role is lessening the effectiveness of coinsurance, thereby creating new agency costs. Responses such as increased explicit monitoring and the use of reputational bonding are noted and the expected future direction of the contractual structure is discussed.     

IX. Geld und Kapital

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Continuous mean demand functions derived from non-convex preferences

In this paper we show that for a large subset of utility functions in the space of all C¹ utility functions and for all prices the mean demand of those consumers whose taste is represented by a given utility function in that subset is uniquely determined. This implies that for a large set of economies mean demand is a continuous function. Our analysis uses derivatives of first and of higher order. The result is essentially a consequence of the multijet transversality theorem.