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41.
We investigate how joint production affects the likelihood of factor price equalization (FPE) through trade. Following up on recent contributions by Samuelson (1992) and Jones (1992), we propose to take the relative size of the FPE region of endowment distributions to measure this likelihood, and we show that it mayincrease even if joint production leads to adecrease of the number of basic production processes, and it maydecrease even if the number of basic production processes operated in equilibrium isthe same as under nonjoint production. A 2×2×2 example is analyzed in more detail. Moreover, we show that the argument of Jones (1992) can be reinterpreted in a more applied direction by considering the effects of switching from a regime where only intermediate products are traded to a regime where all products are traded. The paper shows that the likelihood of FPE may decrease by integrating product markets in this way. Still more surprising is the fact that integration may even destroy FPE. 相似文献
42.
In the past, crop insurance schemes have based indemnity payments on individual producers' yields. Insurance of individual yields does not cope efficiently with systemic risk and therefore fails in areas where crop yields are correlated across space. Area yield insurance provides an alternative and eliminates the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection associated with individual yield insurance. Area yield insurance therefore effectively copes with systemic risk. In this study, principles of area yield insurance were applied to yield data on small-scale cane growers in KwaZulu-Natal and used to calculate pure premium rates. The viability of a government-subsidised area yield insurance scheme for small-scale cane farmers was assessed in terms of affordability to the government, the farmers and private insurance companies. The empirical results obtained from this study indicate that such a scheme may pose great expense to the government and, as a result, may not be viable in South Africa. This topic needs further study, while other risk management strategies should also be considered. 相似文献
43.
With over 2 billion people lacking medicines for treatable diseases and 14 million people dying annually from infectious disease,
there is undeniable need for increased access to medicines. There has been an increasing trend to benchmark the pharmaceutical
industry on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in access to medicines. Benchmarking creates a competitive
inter-business environment and acts as incentive for improving CSR. This article investigates the corporate feedback discourses
pharmaceutical companies make in response to criticisms from benchmarking reports. It determines whether these responses are
part of a healthy process in increasing access to medicines or a barrier to improvement. A qualitative analysis on the feedback
the industry provided was performed, and the responses seen in these statements were grouped by analysing the language used,
the ideas portrayed and atti- tudes of the companies. Increasing transparency through benchmarking is a powerful tool which
reveals the industry’s shortfalls to the public, affects the decisions of socially responsible investors, and is a risk to
their financial bottom line. This article demonstrates the importance of benchmarking and transparency in creating inter-business
competition and the translation of these responses to actual access to medicine practices. 相似文献
44.
Pricing of American options in discrete time is considered, where the option is allowed to be based on several underlyings. It is assumed that the price processes of the underlyings are given Markov processes. We use the Monte Carlo approach to generate artificial sample paths of these price processes, and then we use the least squares neural networks regression estimates to estimate from this data the so‐called continuation values, which are defined as mean values of the American options for given values of the underlyings at time t subject to the constraint that the options are not exercised at time t. Results concerning consistency and rate of convergence of the estimates are presented, and the pricing of American options is illustrated by simulated data. 相似文献
45.
The authors consider the problem of estimating a conditional density by a conditional kernel density estimate when the error associated with the estimate is measured by the L1‐norm. On the basis of the combinatorial method of Devroye and Lugosi ( 1996 ), they propose a method for selecting the bandwidths adaptively and for providing a theoretical justification of the approach. They use simulated data to illustrate the finite‐sample performance of their estimator. 相似文献
46.
Wilhelm Lorey 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(1-2):18-42
Abstract Der überraschenden ehrenvollen Einladung in den drei skandinavischen Hauptstadten im Verein der Aktuare einen Vortrag zu halten, bin ich zwar gern aber nicht ohne Bedenken gefolgt; weiss ich doch nicht, ob ich in einem solchen Kreise von Sachverstandigen der Wissenschaft und Praxis der Versicherung etwas bieten kann. Aber die so überaus liebenswürdige Schreiben Ihrer Herrn Vorsitzenden geben mil' den Mut hier zu sprechen. Ich will kein speziell versicherungsmathematisches Thema behandeln: rch will vielmehr den Rahmen weiterspannen und iiber die {iRolle der Versicherungsmathematik innerhalb del gesamten Wissenschaft und Praxis der Versicherung sprechen. 相似文献
47.
When imports surge, governments often must seek simultaneously to satisfy protectionist pressures through increased tariffs, induce adjustment to foreign competition, and minimize consumer costs of protection. The WTO's safeguard clause can be viewed as an attempt to resolve these potentially conflicting goals since it allows governments to offer an implicit contract to protected industries to induce adjustment. In this paper, we show that with asymmetric information about costs, protected industries behave strategically which leads to under-adjustment. The safeguard clause therefore cannot optimally resolve the conflict among domestic political objectives. 相似文献
48.
49.
Wilhelm Kohler 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2006,6(2):85-113
This paper explores the relationship between the rhetoric of the Lisbon Goal of the EU and key insights from trade theory
and growth theory. It argues that the policy initiative as such is valid, but the paradigm of international competitiveness
is potentially misleading. The focus should, instead, be on productivity. Industrial policies, while potentially valid against
the backdrop of recent developments in growth theory, are subject to pitfalls in practice. Policies focusing on institutions
are more promising. The paper offers a framework for discussing the role of different types of institutions with respect to
the Lisbon Goal.
This paper goes back to a joint presentation with Mario Nava at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna—40th Anniversary Symposium
“A Changing Europe in a Changing World” June 24–25, 2004. 相似文献
50.
Wilhelm Kohler 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2004,4(4):317-336
EU–US trade disputes have recently caught much attention, because they have involved lasting non-compliance coupled with WTO-authorized retaliation. A recent paper by Breuss (2004) shows that the outcome in most cases has probably involved economic damage on both sides. Does this testify to a general weakness, or even failure, of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism? This paper develops a theoretical framework, based on the Bagwell and Staiger (2002) theory of the GATT/WTO, that helps us explain why the DSM might lead to mutually harmful non-compliance cum sanctions. If this happens, we should still not jump to concluding failure of the DSM. Interpreting the DSM as a political cooperation device, the framework allows us to identify conditions under which the outcome is efficient in political economy terms, even though it might involve economic harm on both sides. In addition to a better understanding of the empirical results reported by Breuss (2004), the framework also allows us to identify certain general weaknesses and flaws of the DSM that should be recognized when reviewing the Dispute Settlement Understanding in the Doha round negotiations. 相似文献