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101.
Franklin G. Mixon Steven B. Caudill Jon M. Ford Ter Chao Peng 《Journal of Economics and Finance》1997,21(1):43-49
This paper builds upon previous work on the economics of lottery adoption by incorporating the collective action logic developed in an important series of works by Mancur Olson. Public choice research points out that legislators are rational maximizers, and act within a costbenefit framework in attempting to implement means of budget finance. Discrete-time hazard models presented suggest that lottery adoption is more likely to occur in older states where rent seeking groups are older and more organized, and can more effectively engage in efforts for collective action (and benefits). By implementing lotteries as taxshifting mechanisms, the role of, government and the direction of social evolution are also altered. 相似文献
102.
In this paper we consider the effects of uncertainty upon the optimum choice of monetary policy instrument. Specifically we extend the work of Poole (1970), and others, to allow for the existence of multiplicative as well as additive stochastic coefficients in the structural equations of the standard IS-LM macroeconomic model. We demonstrate that the commonly accepted notion that money-stock control is superior to interest-rate control when the IS schedule is stochastic is not always valid. 相似文献
103.
John B. Ford Sandra Mottner 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2003,8(4):337-348
American churches, like other nonprofits, are faced with diminishing financial support and have turned to alternative marketing strategies to raise needed funds. Retail stores form one of these alternative marketing strategies. This research explores the phenomenon of retail stores associated with Episcopal churches and provides dimensions to understanding the relationship of church membership, connection with history and/or tourist activities, and various marketing tools with performance. While the research offers managerial implications for those engaged in retailing associated with churches, this paper also offers additional insight into nonprofit marketing in general. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications 相似文献
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106.
Theresa A. Kirchner Edward P. Markowski John B. Ford 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》2007,12(2):95-116
- This exploratory study researches and analyzes the empirical effects of financial levels of government support and marketing practices on the financial health of nonprofit performing arts organizations. Declining government subsidies and increasing competition from non-traditional sources have presented these organizations with unique opportunities and challenges that call for a market-centered, as well as an art-centered approach. Financial health is critical for the long-term success of a nonprofit performing arts organization. Few empirical studies have examined the interrelationships between these key variables. This study analyzes a sample of 63 American professional symphony orchestras employing 20 years of data. The correlations among financial levels of government support and marketing activities were positive and significant, the correlations among levels of government support and financial health were negative and significant, and the correlations between levels of marketing activity and financial health were negative and varied in significance. Causal analyses were less conclusive, but significant causal relationships were found for large symphony orchestras, indicating that segmentation research may be warranted. Implications and opportunities for future research are presented which have potential application for government agencies, academic researchers, and arts organization managers, boards of directors, and donors.
107.
Most professional accountancy bodies' qualification processes encompass three components: a prescribed programme of professional education, some form of work experience, and a formal final examination to determine professional competence. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) suggests that purely theoretical and knowledge-based education does not meet the needs of all employers. Thus professional bodies are encouraged to find ways to deliver and assess relevant competences in the most appropriate manner. Despite educationalists suggesting that performance measurements based on direct observation within the work place are more effective at measuring competences than traditional paper-based examinations, assessment strategies within the accountancy domain remain conservative. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS) was one of the first professional bodies to introduce a competency-based approach to work based assessment in 1999 and subsequently undertook a review of the process in 2004. The data collected for the review was undertaken by way of a questionnaire to authorized training offices, in-depth interviews with employers, and discussions which emanated from a Working Party which included internal ICAS employees, an academic and a representative from a large accountancy firm. This paper presents the findings of the review, discusses the pertinent issues in relation to work based assessment and outlines the changes that were made to the competency-based approach adopted by ICAS. It concludes with recommendations for future practice. 相似文献
108.
Janet H. Ford Wenyu Ye Russell M. Nichols Shonda A. Foster David R. Nelson 《Journal of medical economics》2013,16(9):849-858
AbstractAim: Within a treated migraine population, to evaluate if the sub-group meeting criteria for high disease-specific total costs is significantly different to the sub-group with medium and/or low-costs, and to identify the associated risk factors.Methods: Data from the Household Component of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC, 2008–2012), a nationally representative survey of non-institutionalized civilians in the US, were analyzed. Key inclusion criteria were migraine diagnosis (ICD-9 code: 346.XX) and prescribed treatment for migraine. Patients were categorized into high (>top 10th percentile), low (<bottom 10th percentile), and medium (between high and low) cost sub-groups per migraine-specific total costs. Logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of high vs medium and medium vs low-costs. Preventive eligibility, defined as (i) past/current use of migraine preventives or (ii) overuse of acute medications, was compared to non-preventive eligibility.Results: Within the treated migraine cohort (n?=?1,735), the mean age was 39?years, 80% were female, and the majority were in the medium-cost sub-group (n?=?1,360) (low-cost n?=?190, high-cost n?=?195). Significant predictors of high vs medium-costs were low SF-12 Physical Composite Scores (OR?=?0.95; 95% CI?=?0.92–0.97), low SF-6D health utility index scores (OR?=?0.019; 95% CI?=?0.002–0.193), preventive eligibility-i (OR?=?0.019; 95% CI?=?0.002–0.193), and preventive-eligibility-ii (OR?=?3.10; 95% CI?=?1.62–5.91). Statistically significant (p?<?0.05) predictors of medium vs low-costs included anxiety, Fleishman score, preventive-eligible-i, and preventive-eligible-ii.Conclusions: Among patients treated for migraine, distinct characteristics, including patient-functioning measures and comorbidities, are predictive of high vs medium-costs, and medium vs low-costs. Preventive eligibility is a predictor of being in the higher cost sub-groups; however, preventive treatments that improve functioning and reduce acute medication use have the potential to reduce migraine-specific costs.Limitations: The results are limited to a population that is diagnosed and treated for migraine. Over-the-counter medication use, and migraine headache frequency and severity were not captured. 相似文献
109.
Michael R. Ford 《Public Management Review》2016,18(7):972-992
In this paper, survey data collected from nonprofit charter school board and elected public school board members in Minnesota is used to test three hypotheses relating to theories of New Public Management, democratic governance, and small group dynamics. We find that nonprofit charter school board members perceive lower levels of conflict, place less priority on the general public, and perceive a higher degree of governance responsibly in the area of financial management, than elected board members. We conclude that the increased use of nonprofit charter schools has potentially substantial implications on accountability and effectiveness in the delivery of public education. 相似文献
110.
This study analyses representations of gender in the financial annual reports of 30 corporations. Building on several critical theoretical perspectives, it examines how annual reports contribute to the gendering of organisations through an empirical study of representations of gender in their texts, statistics and images. The results suggest that stereotypical images are dominant and the representational practices reinforce the traditional gendered division of labour. We conclude that the masculine connotation of financial reports thwarts a more diverse representation of gender in organisations. 相似文献