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Handy C 《Harvard business review》1992,70(6):59-72
In an effort to govern their increasingly complex organizations, chief executives in some of today's largest corporations are turning to one of the world's oldest political philosophies-federalism. Given that organizations are seen more and more as minisocieties, the prospect of applying political principles to management makes a great deal of sense. Federalism is particularly appropriate because it offers a well-recognized system for dealing with paradoxes of power and control: the need to make things big by keeping them small; to encourage autonomy but within bounds; and to combine variety and shared purpose, individuality and partnership, local and global. As London Business School professor Charles Handy explains it, federalism responds to these paradoxes by balancing power among those in the center of the organization, those in the centers of expertise, and those in the center of the action--the operating businesses. The centers of federal organizations meet regularly, but they do not need to live together. Doing so would concentrate too much power in one place, whereas federalism gets its strength and energy from spreading responsibility across many decision points. Guided by five principles, federalism avoids the risks of autocracy and the overcontrol of a central bureaucracy. It ensures a measure of democracy and creates a \"dispersed center\" that is more a network than a place. That's why Asea Brown Boveri CEO Percy Barnevik calls his sprawling \"multi-domestic\" enterprise of 1,100 separate companies and 210,000 employees a federation. It succeeds because the independent bits, be they individuals, clusters, or business units, know they are part of the greater whole. 相似文献
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Blantari J Asiamah G Appiah N Mock C 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2005,12(1):23-29
The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of recent televised advertisements conducted by the National Road Safety Commission in Ghana. These concerned speeding and alcohol-impaired driving and were targeted towards commercial drivers. Focus group discussions were conducted with 50 commercial drivers in four cities. Discussions addressed coverage, clarity and appropriateness of messages, including suggestions for improvements. Most discussants indicated that the messages were clear and appropriate. Television reached all participants in this urban group. However, they felt that other modes of communication, such as flyers and radio, should also be used to reach drivers who did not own televisions. A particular problem was language. The advertisements had been in English and Akan (the most common vernacular language). Participants wanted the messages diversified into more of the major Ghanaian languages. Some participants were unclear on the behaviour that the advertisements were telling viewers to take. Participants advocated greater involvement by police in road safety and called for laws banning the sale of alcohol at bus stations. The advertisements reached and were understood by most of the target audience. Opportunities for strengthening the messages included using other media; increasing the number of languages; and stressing the change in behaviour being recommended. Overall road safety activities would be strengthened by increasing accompanying law enforcement activities related to speed and alcohol-impaired driving. To the authors' knowledge this is the first formal evaluation of a road safety social marketing programme in a low-income sub-Saharan African country. This evaluation will hopefully assist Ghana and other similar countries in strengthening road safety work. 相似文献
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省社会保险事业局副局长龙辉斯在《深化社会保险改革,为市场经济有序运行提供必要条件》一文中,首先分析了发展市场经济对社会保险制度改革的基本要求,然后就全省社会保险深化改革的总趋向提出了看法:1、社会保险从经济统包统配的模式,转向兼顾效益和公平原则、权利和义务相结合的保险模式;2、社会保险从简单互助的统筹形态向建立保险机制的完善形态发展;3、社会保险对象从面向国营企业职工转变为面向全体社会劳动者;4、社会保险制度和管理方式从多元化趋向一体化;5、保险待遇从固化形式趋向按规律调节的浮动形式;6、管理体制从分散趋向集中统一。 相似文献
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C.J.Erickson 《中国海关》2010,(11):56-56
知识产权的海关执法基本由美国海关与边境保护局(CBP)和美国移民及海关执法局(ICE)的相关部门负责,前者属于民事管理,后者属于刑事执法范畴。海关知识产权保护对于抵制仿冒产品、 相似文献
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仅2010年,中国赴美直接投资金额达到40亿美元。“外国投资美国审查委员会”给中国带来的误解,让不少中国人失去良好的投资机会。 相似文献
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中国人多,只要能避开同质化竞争对手,就是个适合长尾战略的典型国家“谁是三国里的刘备?当中原和江南这两块热门与次热门地区已被曹、孙 相似文献
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阿不都许库尔·吾斯曼 《农业经济》2012,(8):15-16
随着我国城市化进程的加剧和城乡的统筹发展,失地农民数量不断激增,在这个过程中以农业生产方式为基础的村民自治制度必然发生城市社区居民自治制度的变迁.必须加强失地农民社区自治制度变迁途径,这就要改革当前县级政府机构和管理体制,促进制度管理的解压,短期内实行有限的乡镇大社区自治制度,长期内实行村级社区完全自治制度,同时配套实行“议行分离”的社区自治运行机制. 相似文献