Inter-Firm and Intra-Firm Efficiency Measures

Intra-firm efficiencyinvolves computing a particular firm's efficiency degree overtime relative to the firm-specific production frontier. Inter-firmefficiency reveals a particular firm's performance over timerelative to the ``best practice frontier' among the set of comparablefirms. These efficiency measures are related by an inter-firmcatch-up component reflecting differences in technology acrossfirms. Those measures are estimated for Dutch pot-plant firmsusing the Generalized Maximum Entropy formalism. The empiricalresults suggest the inter-firm catch-up component is the majordeterminant of inter-firm efficiency.     

The Distributional Impact of Public Goods Provision: A Veil of Ignorance Approach

The "veil of ignorance" approach is used to consider the redistribution implied by different tax-benefit systems. Assuming a (hypothetical) ex-ante situation in which individuals lack any knowledge about their future income, redistribution from rich to poor can be seen as a form of insurance. Taking redistribution and insurance as synonymous, the analysis derives cases of redistributionally neutral systems of taxation and public good provision.
JEL classification : H 23; D 30;, H 41     

The Siting of Livestock Facilities and Environmental Regulations

The significant variation in the stringency of environmental regulations across Ontario municipalities in the late 1990s created the possibility of pollution havens where expanding livestock operations would locate in those municipalities with the lowest regulatory compliance costs. Using actual building permit data rather than aggregate regional production numbers, the study examined the factors affecting spatial changes. Instead of locating to reduce environmental compliance costs as suggested by the pollution haven hypothesis, barns are being built largely where the livestock sector is concentrated suggesting the existence of agglomeration economies. The result suggests that the normalization of standards across the province through the new Nutrient Management Act will not significantly influence the location decisions of expanding or new livestock facilities which are largely determined by economic factors associated with livestock infrastructure support. L'importante variation de sévérité des règlements environnementaux dans les municipalités de l'Ontario vers la fin des années 1990 a créé la possibilité de refuges pour pollueurs: les fermes d'élevage en expansion allaient s'installer dans les municipalités où les coûts de conformité aux règlements étaient les plus faibles. À l'aide de données sur les permis de construire plutôt que de données agrégées sur la production régionale, la présente étude a examiné les facteurs qui influaient sur les changements spatiaux. Au lieu de s'installer là où les coûts de conformité aux règlements sont faibles comme le laisse supposer l'hypothèse des refuges pour pollueurs, les entreprises choisissent de s'installer là où le secteur de l'élevage est concentré, ce qui laisse supposer l'existence d'économies d'agglomération. Les résultats semblent indiquer que l'uniformisation des normes à l'échelle provinciale en vertu de la Loi sur la gestion des éléments nutritifs n'aura pas d'influence significative sur le choix des endroits où seront construits les bâtiments des exploitations en expansion ou des nouvelles exploitations puisque ce choix est en grande partie motivé par des facteurs économiques liés au soutien à l'infrastructure de l'élevage.     

Area Allocation Under Price Uncertainty on Dutch Arable Farms

This paper uses a Mean-Variance utility function to build a dual model that simultaneously determines area allocation and production/input levels under output price uncertainty. Regularity conditions of the indirect utility function (convexity) and producers risk preferences are tested. The framework is applied to a rotating sample of Dutch arable farms. Dutch arable farmers are found to be risk averse, with the size of the risk premium given by 3 per cent of annual profit. A bootstrap resampling method shows that curvature conditions are rejected. Price elasticities are compared for an unrestricted model and for a model with curvature conditions being imposed.     

Investment decisions in hog finishing: an application of the real options approach

In this paper, option-pricing theory is applied to an investment problem in hog production. A stochastic simulation model capable of pricing American-type options is developed. This is achieved by recursive calculation of the exercise frontier. The model is used to determine the investment trigger and the disinvestment trigger for a pig-fattening barn under German market conditions. It turns out that the investment trigger, taking into account the value of waiting in an uncertain environment, can be considerably higher compared to classical investment criteria such as the net present value. This offers an explanation as to why farmers are indeed reluctant to invest in hog production. Another finding is the sensitivity of the option prices with respect to the stochastic process that is assumed for revenues and variable costs of the production activity.     

The Value of Dairy Quota under a Commercial Export Milk Program

This paper argues that under a commercial export milk program, the market value of quota will be determined by the spread between the domestic market price and the export price, rather than the conventional wisdom that it is determined by the spread between the domestic milk price and the marginal cost of production. Under this new economy, it is argued that ultimately the market price of dairy quota will be priced independently of firm marginal costs, which implies that low-cost (or high-margin) producers will not hold an economic advantage in bidding for quota over higher-cost producers. Regression results are consistent with the hypothesized positive relationship between quota values and the difference between domestic and export milk price. The average export price has generally increased over time and is approximately equal to the marginal cost for an average producer. The results have implications for a World Trade Organization (WTO) challenge. New Zealand and the United States feel the domestic program acts as an export subsidy by cross-subsidizing production of commercial export milk. The results here suggest that the prices for the filled export contracts are approximately the marginal cost of production for the average producer and not lower, as suggested by the challenge. Export contracts were found to have higher price risk than domestically produced milk. The risk is compounded by the short-term nature of most export contracts. The increase in risk for the commercial export milk program (CEM) implies that it is unlikely many farmers will greatly diversify into CEM contracts unless the uncertainty is reduced.     

Farm-Level Modeling for Bigger Issues

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how farm-level modelers can best extend their research to address issues broader than just farm income. The paper describes how trade-off curves are a valuable tool for summarizing the missing information to policy makers on economic problems related to sustainability issues and agriculture. We outline steps an economic researcher could follow in developing an integrated farm-level model that successfully links changes in environmental quality with agricultural practices so that the relevant trade-offs for policy analysis can be quantified.