Second degree price discrimination and natural monopoly

This paper considers the efficiency of a contestable natural monopoly if consumers are heterogeneous and the monopolist can differentiate prices imperfectly. The paper shows that a “no‐distortion‐at‐the‐top” result, which is standard in models with restricted entry, may also appear in a contestable market. Depending on cost and demand structures, first best efficiency can also be a sustainable equilibrium. However, due to the existence of a continuum of equilibria, first best efficiency is not guaranteed. Most notably, even a stable “distortion‐at‐the‐top” result is possible.     

Productivity growth and inter-sector spill-over in Dutch horticulture, 1976–1995

This article calculates nonparametric measures of total factor productivity growth on Dutch horticultural firms in the period 1976–1995. Individual components of total factor productivity growth, i.e., efficiency change and technical change are regressed on socioeconomic factors reflecting the effects of the world oil crises, household and demographic characteristics, location, and investment in physical capital. Also, the article investigates the presence of inter‐sector spill‐overs between groups of firms with different specializations in Dutch horticulture.     

Challenges and policy options in the global bio‐economy: introduction and overview

Agricultural economics is at the nexus of the major policy options surrounding the global bio‐economy. The outputs from agriculture have expanded beyond the traditional food, feed, and fiber to include fuel and other nonfood applications as well as environmental goods due to recent technological developments and changing consumer demands. Numerous policy questions have arisen within the bio‐economy. This article introduces and summarizes several invited panel sessions on issues of special importance in the global bio‐economy: new institutions of dealing with uncertainty and increased volatility related to climate change; structural transformations in agricultural production and food consumption and their effect on development; biofuel policies and development; and determinants of changes in consumer attitudes to new products and technologies.     

Can economic incentives encourage actual reductions in pesticide use and environmental spillovers?

Chemical pesticides constitute an important input in crop production. But their indiscriminate use can impact negatively agricultural productivity, human health, and the environment. Recently, attention is focused on the use of economic incentives to reduce pesticide use and its related indirect effects. The aim of this work is to assess the effectiveness of different economic instruments such as taxes and levies in encouraging farmers to decrease pesticide use and their environmental spillovers. A policy simulation model is employed using data from Dutch cash crop producers including two pesticide categories that differ in terms of toxicity and pesticides’ environmental spillovers. Four different instruments were selected for evaluation: pesticide taxes, price penalties on pesticides’ environmental spillovers, subsidies, and quotas. The results of the study indicate that even high taxes and penalties would result in a small decrease in pesticide use and environmental spillovers. Taxes that differentiate according to toxicity do not lead to substitution of high‐ with low‐toxicity pesticides. Subsidies on low‐toxicity products are not able to affect the use of high‐toxicity products. Pesticide quotas are more effective in reducing pesticide use and environmental spillovers.     

Efficiency of Cooperatives and Investor Owned Firms Revisited

The objectives of dairy processing cooperatives differ from those of investor‐owned firms (IOFs). However, the literature usually assumes the same performance measures for cooperatives vis‐a‐vis IOFs. This study compares the performance of dairy cooperatives and IOFs in major European dairy producing countries. A traditional input oriented approach is used and two alternative approaches are used to account for the differential objectives of cooperatives. Cooperatives’ performance differs across the two approaches from being outperformed by IOFs using the input oriented approach to outperforming them when using an approach that is more in line with cooperatives’ objectives.     

The Impact of Local Ethanol Production on the Corn Basis in Ontario

This paper investigates the factors affecting the corn basis in Ontario with particular emphasis on the effect of ethanol production given the projected detrimental effect its expansion could have on the red meat sector. We estimate a location‐specific and panel vector error correction models (VECM) for seven elevators in Ontario from 2006 to 2013. We find a long‐run equilibrium relationship exists between the basis and factors affecting local supply and demand including ethanol capacity and that the direction of causality is from these factors to changes in corn price. A one‐time increase in ethanol capacity of 100 million liters is projected to increase the basis by approximately 30 cents per bushel within two years. However, the impact is insignificant for elevators located in the livestock‐intensive regions of the province. The demand for corn as livestock feed is a determinant of the local corn price for all elevators. The decline in the number of hogs and beef cattle along with the 50% increase in corn supply have resulted in the observed decline in the local corn price despite the significant increase in demand from ethanol. L'impact de la production locale d′éthanol sur le prix de base du maïs en Ontario Cet article cherche à comprendre les facteurs ayant un effet sur le prix de base du maïs en Ontario, en particulier sur les effets de la production d′éthanol étant donné les effets négatifs attendus sur le secteur de la viande rouge causés par son expansion. Nous estimons des modèles vectoriels à correction d'erreurs (MVCE) à emplacements précis et panel entre 2006 et 2013, pour 7 silos‐élévateurs en Ontario. Nous constatons une relation d′équilibre à long terme entre le prix de base et les facteurs ayant un effet sur l'offre et la demande locale incluant la capacité pour l′éthanol. Nous constatons aussi que le sens de la causalité passe de ces facteurs aux changements du prix du maïs. L'on s'attend à voir une augmentation d'environ 30 cents du prix de base du boisseau suivant l'augmentation unique de 100 millions de litres de la capacité d′éthanol. Par contre, l'impact est négligeable pour les silos‐élévateurs situés dans les régions d′élevage intensif de la province. La demande pour le maïs comme aliment pour le bétail est un facteur déterminant du prix local du maïs pour tous les silos‐élévateurs. Le déclin du porc et des bovins ainsi que l'augmentation de 50 % de l'offre de maïs ont mené à la diminution notée du prix du maïs local malgré l'augmentation significative de la demande pour l′éthanol.