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31.
We show how productivity differences between foreign and indigenous firms affect the choice of the foreign market entry strategy. We identify the conditions necessary for the adoption of a particular strategy depending on the competing firms?? productivity differences as well as each strategy??s cost. In particular, we study tradeoffs between exporting and JV as well as between JV and WOS that were neglected in the firm heterogeneity literature. We find that high productivity differences led the foreign firm to enter host markets via WOS or exporting monopoly, while in the case of smaller productivity differences they entered via different types of JV. The share in joint venture depended positively on the productivity difference and negatively on trade and investment costs.  相似文献   
32.
A multi-agent spin model for changes of prices in the stock market based on the Ising-like cellular automaton with interactions between traders randomly varying in time is investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The structure of interactions has topology of scale-free networks with degree distributions obeying a power scaling law with various scaling exponents. The scale-free networks are obtained as growing networks where new nodes (agents) are linked to the existing ones according to a preferential attachment rule with an initial attractiveness ascribed to each node. In certain ranges of parameters, depending on the exponent in the degree distribution, the time series of the logarithmic price returns exhibit intermittent bursting typical of volatility clustering, and the tails of the distributions of returns obey a power scaling law with exponents comparable to those obtained from the empirical data. The distributions of returns show also dependence on the number of agents, in particular in the case of networks with the scaling exponents of the degree distributions typical of the social and communications networks.  相似文献   
33.
    
We conducted a survey‐based study on the meaning of work of some 1500 mid‐level professional employees in private and public organizations in eight countries. Using the country clustering described in the GLOBE series of studies and the theoretical framework of the Meaning of Work study, five hypotheses were tested. The study found support for the universal valuation of work and family as major life domains and the relative importance of leisure, religion, and community involvement. Work centrality was related in differentiated ways to performance orientation, assertiveness, and humane orientation indices. Extrinsic and intrinsic work goals differed and were related to country clustering. The report concludes with implications for the theory and practice of human resource development and offers suggestions for further research.  相似文献   
34.
    
Experimental Economics - We analyze the data sets of all majoritarian Baron and Ferejohn (Am Political Sci Rev 83(4):1181–1206, 1989) experiments through 2018. By exploiting the variation of...  相似文献   
35.
    
Agriculture is unique among economic sectors in the nature of impacts from climate change. The production activity that transforms inputs into agricultural outputs involves direct use of weather inputs (temperature, solar radiation available to the plant, and precipitation). Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on agriculture have reported substantial differences in outcomes such as prices, production, and trade arising from differences in model inputs and model specification. This article presents climate change results and underlying determinants from a model comparison exercise with 10 of the leading global economic models that include significant representation of agriculture. By harmonizing key drivers that include climate change effects, differences in model outcomes were reduced. The particular choice of climate change drivers for this comparison activity results in large and negative productivity effects. All models respond with higher prices. Producer behavior differs by model with some emphasizing area response and others yield response. Demand response is least important. The differences reflect both differences in model specification and perspectives on the future. The results from this study highlight the need to more fully compare the deep model parameters, to generate a call for a combination of econometric and validation studies to narrow the degree of uncertainty and variability in these parameters and to move to Monte Carlo type simulations to better map the contours of economic uncertainty.  相似文献   
36.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Understanding the capacity of agricultural systems to feed the world population under climate change requires projecting future food demand. This article reviews demand modeling approaches from 10 global economic models participating in the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). We compare food demand projections in 2050 for various regions and agricultural products under harmonized scenarios of socioeconomic development, climate change, and bioenergy expansion. In the reference scenario (SSP2), food demand increases by 59–98% between 2005 and 2050, slightly higher than the most recent FAO projection of 54% from 2005/2007. The range of results is large, in particular for animal calories (between 61% and 144%), caused by differences in demand systems specifications, and in income and price elasticities. The results are more sensitive to socioeconomic assumptions than to climate change or bioenergy scenarios. When considering a world with higher population and lower economic growth (SSP3), consumption per capita drops on average by 9% for crops and 18% for livestock. The maximum effect of climate change on calorie availability is ?6% at the global level, and the effect of biofuel production on calorie availability is even smaller.  相似文献   
37.
    

This article analyses the activities of Japanese investors in Central and Eastern Europe since the beginning of the region's transition. The use of firm level data on Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) in the region allows us to focus on the industry, location and timing of affiliate establishment at a level of detail previously unexamined. This enables us to compare Japanese investment with overall regional inward investment as well as investigate country specialisation patterns within the region. We also characterise the type of investing parent, and determine how investments in CEE fit into the European-wide investment patterns for these firms. Finally, we investigate the entry mode choices of investing firms, finding a shift from minority-owned joint ventures and limited participation in the region in favour of wholly-owned subsidiaries and larger involvement in the region.  相似文献   
38.
This article examines the extent of nontariff barriers (NTBS)to the visible imports of sixteen industrial countries. It userthree alternative measures to show that governmental commodity-specificborder measures affect more than 27 percent of all imports andmore than 34 percent of imports from developing countries. Italso shows that during the period from 1981 to 1983, NTBS becamesignificantly more extensive. Detailed statistics reveal considerablevariations in NTB coverage by commodity, type of barrier, importer,and exporter. The data on which these conclusions are basedwere compiled from official information at the highest levelof disaggregation and are described in the article.  相似文献   
39.
    
The goal of this article is to point out the likely reasons for the differences between the results obtained by Roxana Radulescu and David Barlow 1 1 Radulescu, R. and Barlow, D. (2002). Economics of Transition, 10(3), pp. 719–45. and those presented in most other research papers on the growth determinants in the post‐communist countries. The authors also present the consequences of the impact of the specific composition of the EBRD index on the results of analysis obtained on the basis of econometric models, in which the index is used as a variable.  相似文献   
40.
I survey a literature on auctions with contingent payments, that is auctions in which payments are allowed to depend on an ex-post verifiable variable, such as revenues in oil lease auctions. Based on DeMarzo et al. (2005), I describe a partial ranking of auction revenues for auctions that differ in terms of contract forms, pricing rules and seller commitment and why the revenue equivalence theorem does not apply even in an independent private values setup. I discuss models that incorporate adverse selection, moral hazard, competition between auctioneers, common values and the sale of multiple units.  相似文献   
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