Adventure tourism products: Price, duration, size, skill, remoteness

To test whether commercial tourism products in different adventure activity sectors have different functional characteristics, I took part in tours offered by 75 operators worldwide and analysed price per person per day, duration, prior skill requirements, remoteness, group size and client-to-guide ratios. There is an enormous range of variation. Some activities overlap but some are clearly distinguishable, on commercial as well as operational criteria. Products can be arranged on a scale from low volume, high difficulty, high price to high volume, low difficulty and low price. There are recognisable signatures for some subsectors, but not all.     

Foreign Direct Investment in the Tourism Sector of the Greek Economy

An attractive package of investment incentives is necessary to entice foreign investors into the Greek tourist sector, in order to reap potential economic and other benefits resulting from the orderly development of tourism in Greece. This article examines the extent, role and importance of foreign direct investment in the tourism sector of the Greek economy. In particular, the sectoral and regional breakdown of foreign investment are demonstrated. Finally, the governmental incentives and regulations which apply to the tourism sector are assessed and their implications highlighted with respect to the five-year tourism development plan 1983–87.     

The International Tourism Market in Eastern Europe

Estimates presented of the size of the international tourism markets of the European CMEA countries, the USSR and Yugoslavia show that only Yugoslavia is an established centre for tourist development. Data on tourist arrivals and tourist receipts are presented. International tourist receipts account for approximately two per cent of National Product in Yugoslavia and Hungary and are much smaller in the other economies as far as can be ascertained. The major constraints on further tourist developments in CMEA countries are political and economic planning constraints, the cost of development of tourist amenities and the low priority assigned to tourism. Short-term increases can be brought about by improved marketing and promotion of the considerable attractions of Eastern European countries as tourist destinations.     

Direct foreign investment in japan as a means of market entry: The case of European firms 1

Japan, one of the world's largest and strongest economies, attracts a tiny level of inward direct investment. This neglect is particularly true of European multinationals. This article examines a sample of European companies which have Japanese manufacturing affiliates, to assess direct investment as a means of access to the Japanese market. It examines the objectives and strategies of entry and evaluates the outcome in terms of successful penetration of the Japanese market. The joint venture route is a preferred means of initial entry and the research allows evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of entry to the Japanese market.     

Potential Discrimination in Structured Employment Interviews

This experimental study examines the effects of bias toward persons with disabilities (PWDs) upon the employment interview decision process. The design and operationalization of the study permitted examination of the effects of specific disabilities, interview performance, and the resulting interaction between disability and interview performance, using 630 undergraduate students at a major university in the southwestern United States as subjects. The results indicate that (1) interview performance has a favorable, significant main effect upon subsequent HRM decisions, (2) specific disabilities, that is, child care demands, HIV-positive status, and being wheelchair-bound, have unfavorable, significant main effects upon subsequent HRM decisions, and (3) the presence of any of the disabilities decreased the favorable impact of superior interview performance. The limitations of the structured interview to mitigate bias were demonstrated. Given the pervasive, unfavorable treatment directed toward PWDs, it appears that the enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (1993) is warranted. The public policy implications of these results and recommendations for future research were discussed.     

Policy models in accounting: A critical commentary

The accounting profession, through its rule-making apparatus, employs a particular choice model for identifying and resolving policy issues. This model is referred to in this article as the “constitional” approach. It is of interest to inquire why accountants have adopted this paradigm and eschewed other policy models, such as the “legal” or “scientific” approaches, even though the latter have generated considerable advocacy within the recent history of the profession. This paper examines the interesting hypothesis that the choice of the “constitutional” approach is consistent with the Group Self-Interest Hypothesis. By forming an associative group the major accounting firms have a primary interest in achieving higher prices for the industry's products. These higher prices can be achieved in three ways: (1) restricting entry, (2) restraining supply and (3) increasing demand. The “constitutional” approach is more efficacious in achieving these results than are the proposed alternative policy models.     

Ethical decision–making: a multidimensional construct

Poor ethical decision–making costs industry billions of dollars a year and damages the images of corporations. Thus, by answering the question ‘Why do individuals behave as they do when confronted with ethical issues?’ ethical theory can provide businesses with a means to create a more ethical climate and a more successful operation. This study tested the Ethical Decision–Making Model with accountability (Beu & Buckley 2001), which uses theory that suggests that ethical behavior is influenced by the individual, the issue, social relationships (accountability), and the organization in which the employee is embedded (Brass, Butterfield & Skaggs 1988; Frink & Klimoski 1998). The results showed that individuals’ thought processes (cognitive moral development), personalities (locus of control, hostility and aggression, Machiavellianism), and gender influence how they respond to ethical dilemmas, as well as the salience of the moral issue (moral intensity) and the environmental context (work/school).     

Foreign Direct Investment in Ireland: Policy Implications for Emerging Economies

Ireland's success in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) provides guidance for emerging economies. The key to Ireland's success is its consistency of policy towards FDI. Ireland's success suggests that emerging countries should be proactive in seeking FDI, offer a package of incentives that is enterprise‐centred yet is sufficiently selective to build self‐sustaining clusters. Policy consistency is important to inward investors and this can be traded off against selectivity and monitoring of performance.